•Full-length cDNA clones of three brassica yellows virus genotypes were constructed.•BrYV full-length infectious cDNA clones were used for agro-inoculation.•BrYV-A and BrYV-C infectious clones can ...systemically infect Nicotiana benthamiana.•Recombinant BrYV-5B3A of BrYV-A and BrYV-B can systemically infect N. benthamiana.•Mixed infection with BrYV-A, BrYV-5B3A and BrYV-C is possible in N. benthamiana.
Brassica yellows virus is a newly identified species in the genus of Polerovirus within the family Luteoviridae. Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) is prevalently distributed throughout Mainland China and South Korea, is an important virus infecting cruciferous crops. Based on six BrYV genomic sequences of isolates from oilseed rape, rutabaga, radish, and cabbage, three genotypes, BrYV-A, BrYV-B, and BrYV-C, exist, which mainly differ in the 5′ terminal half of the genome. BrYV is an aphid-transmitted and phloem-limited virus. The use of infectious cDNA clones is an alternative means of infecting plants that allows reverse genetic studies to be performed. In this study, full-length cDNA clones of BrYV-A, recombinant BrYV5B3A, and BrYV-C were constructed under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. An agrobacterium-mediated inoculation system of Nicotiana benthamiana was developed using these cDNA clones. Three days after infiltration with full-length BrYV cDNA clones, necrotic symptoms were observed in the inoculated leaves of N. benthamiana; however, no obvious symptoms appeared in the upper leaves. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and western blot detection of samples from the upper leaves showed that the maximum infection efficiency of BrYVs could reach 100%. The infectivity of the BrYV-A, BrYV-5B3A, and BrYV-C cDNA clones was further confirmed by northern hybridization. The system developed here will be useful for further studies of BrYV, such as host range, pathogenicity, viral gene functions, and plant–virus–vector interactions, and especially for discerning the differences among the three genotypes.
The rapid increase in the number of mitochondrial genomes in public databases provides opportunities for insect phylogenetic studies; but it also provides challenges because of gene rearrangements ...and variable substitution rates among both lineages and sites. Typically, phylogenetic studies use mitochondrial sequence data but exclude other features of the mitochondrial genome from analyses. Here, we undertook large-scale sequencing of mitochondrial genomes from a worldwide collection of specimens belonging to Braconidae, one of the largest families of Metazoa. The strand-asymmetry of base composition in the mitochondrial genomes of braconids is reversed, providing evidence for monophyly of the Braconidae. We have reconstructed a backbone phylogeny of the major lineages of Braconidae from gene order of the mitochondrial genomes. Standard phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences provided strong support for both Cyclostomes and Noncyclostomes. Four subfamily complexes, that is, helconoid, euphoroid, sigalphoid, and microgastroid, within the Noncyclostomes were reconstructed robustly, the first three of which formed a monophyletic group sister to the last one. Aphidiinae was recovered as a lineage sister to other groups of Cyclostomes, while the Ichneutinae was recovered as paraphyletic. Separate analyses of the subdivided groups showed congruent relationships, employing different matrices and methods, for the internal nodes of the Cyclostomes and the microgastroid complex of subfamilies. This research, using multiple lines of evidence from mitochondrial genomes, illustrates multiple uses of mitochondrial genomes for phylogenetic inference in Braconidae.
The published data on the predictive value of polymorphism of ERCC1 and XPD in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving platinum-based chemotherapy are inconclusive. To derive a ...more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. Relevant studies were identified by searching the Medline, Embase, CNKI and American Society of Clinical Oncology abstract databases. Inclusion criteria were patients with advanced NSCLC, received platinum-based chemotherapy, evaluation of polymorphism of ERCC1 and XPD and overall response rate (ORR). A total of 12 studies were included in this meta-analysis. For studies evaluating ERCC1 polymorphism at codon 118, the ORR for the wild-type C/C genotype versus the heterozygous C/T and T/T genotype was 2.17 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.43–3.33;
P
= 0.000). For studies evaluating XPD Asp312Asn and XPD Lys751Gln, the pooled OR was 1.33 (95% CI, 0.92–1.91;
P
= 0.13) and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.72–1.45;
P
= 0.915), respectively. The results indicated that platinum-based chemotherapy sensitivity was significantly associated with polymorphism of ERCC1 C118T. However, XPD Asp312Asn and XPD Lys751Gln were not predictive makers for platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC.
This paper presents a novel asymmetric coplanar waveguide-fed quad-band hybrid antenna for wireless applications. The proposed hybrid antenna combines a conventional monopole antenna and a ...zeroth-order resonator antenna to perform a dual-mode operation. The first mode is generated by a slotted monopole antenna, supporting the two higher resonances at about 3.5 and 5.8 GHz. The second mode is supported by loading a composite right-/left-handed transmission line unit cell near the slotted monopole, contributing to the two lower resonances at about 1.6 and 2.5 GHz. It is printed on an FR4 substrate with the overall dimensions of 40 mm × 24 mm × 1.6 mm. Experimental results demonstrate that it can cover the global positioning system (1.57–1.59 GHz), wireless local area network (2.4–2.485, 5.15–5.35, and 5.725–5.825 GHz), and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (2.5–2.69, 3.3–3.7, and 5.25–5.85 GHz) applications with monopole-like radiation patterns and acceptable gains.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have always been a heated research topic in bone tissue regeneration and repair because of their self-renewal and multi-differentiation potential. A large number of ...studies have been focused on finding the inducing factors that will promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Previous studies have shown that macrophage exosomes or miRNA-26a-5p can make it work, but the function of this kind of substance on cell osteogenic differentiation has not been public.
M2 macrophages are obtained from IL-4 polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages. Exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of M2 macrophages and identified via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blotting, and DLS. Chondrogenic differentiation potential was detected by Alcian blue staining. Oil red O staining was used to detect the potential for lipogenic differentiation. And MTT would detect the proliferative capacity of cells. Western blot was performed to detect differential expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins.
The results showed that M2 macrophage exosomes will promote bone differentiation and at the same time inhibit lipid differentiation. In addition, M2 macrophage-derived exosomes have the function of promoting the expression of SOX and Aggrecan suppressing the level of MMP13. The exosome inhibitor GW4689 suppresses miRNA-26a-5p in M2 macrophage exosomes, and the treated exosomes do not play an important role in promoting bone differentiation. Moreover, miRNA-26a-5p can enable to promote bone differentiation and inhibit lipid differentiation. miRNA-26a-5p can promote the expression of ALP (alkaline phosphatase), RUNX-2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), OPN(osteopontin), and Col-2(collagen type II). Therefore, it is speculated that exosomal miRNA-26a-5p is indispensable in osteogenic differentiation.
The present study indicated that M2 macrophage exosomes carrying miRNA-26a-5p can induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells to inhibit lipogenic differentiation, and miRNA-26a-5p will also promote the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins ALP, RUNX-2, OPN, and Col-2.
We assessed the role of diabetes mellitus（DM） on treatment effects in drug‐susceptible initial pulmonary tuberculosis（PTB） patients. A prospective study was conducted in eight provinces of China from ...October 2008 to December 2010. We enrolled 1,313 confirmed drug‐susceptible initial PTB patients, and all subjects received the treatment regimen（2 H3 R3 E3 Z3/4 H3 R3） as recommended by the national guidelines. Of the 1,313 PTB patients, 157（11.9%） had DM; these patients had more sputum smear‐positive rates at the end of the second month adjusted odds ratios（aO R） 2.829, 95% confidence intervals（CI） 1.783‐4.490, and higher treatment failure（aO R 2.120, 95% CI 1.565‐3.477） and death rates（aO R 1.536, 95% CI 1.011‐2.628）. DM was a contributing factor for culture‐positive rates at the end of the second month and treatment failure and death of PTB patients, thus playing an unfavorable role in treatment effects of PTB.
To evaluate the risk of cancer among Taiwanese female registered nurses (RNs) using a nationwide population-based dataset.
We recruited female RNs without antecedent cancer from the Taiwan National ...Health Insurance Research database during 2000-2010. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of cancer were calculated. We also compared rates of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear use between the RNs and the general population matched by age and sex.
A total of 2,077 cancers developed among 184,809 female RNs, with a follow-up of 1,371,910 person-years (median follow-up of 7.86 years), leading to an increased SIR of 1.10 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.15. RNs aged between 40-59 years also had a significantly increased SIR (1.14, 95% CI 1.08-1.21). For specific cancer types, RNs had an increased SIR for breast (1.28, 95% CI 1.19-1.37), thyroid (1.26, 95% CI 1.10-1.43), lung and mediastinum (1.36, 95% CI 1.13-1.62), and uterine cancers (1.23, 95% CI 1.01-1.49). A decreased SIR was found for cervix (0.48, 95% CI 0.37-0.61) and liver and biliary tract cancers (0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.90). Pap smear use averaged 5.80 times per person among female RNs aged 35 years or older and 5.50 times per person in the age-matched control group (p = 0.009).
This study found that overall cancer risk was higher among female RNs than general population. For individual cancers, the risks of breast, lung, thyroid and uterine cancer were higher and the risks of cervix and liver cancer were lower than general population. The lower risk of cervical cancer might be partially explained by the increased use of Pap smears in the RNs group. Further large, unbiased population-based prospective studies are needed to investigate the association between nurses and cancer risk and identify the risk factors of cancer in nurses.
The new duster is used to remove the coal dust from the coal conveying system of thermal power plant. Many of plastic globules are filled into the duster. The water is sprayed from the upper of ...duster. The airflow of containing coal dust flows through the filler from bottom to top, and change to clean air. The application of the turbulent duster in the coal conveying system of the thermal power plant shows: the efficiency of dust collection is 99%. In particular, it can remove 67% of coal dust smaller than 5 microns. The duster adopts fully automatic control technology. The amount of water consumed is very low. It can be effectively used for coal conveying system of thermal power plant. After air purification with coal dust, the air quality meets the requirements of the health standard.
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