The oncolytic viruses now hold a promise of new therapeutic strategy for cancer. Its concept has inspired a wave of commercial research and development activities for the products of this category in ...China since 1998. The first commercialized oncolytic virus product in the world, Oncorine (H101), developed by Shanghai Sunway Biotech Co., Ltd since 1999, was approved by Chinese SFDA in November, 2005 for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in combination with chemotherapy after the phase III clinical trial, and finally acquired GMP certificate in August, 2006. This review introduces how Oncorine was successfully developed in China, and how the Chinese market responded after it was launched into the market in 2006.
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► Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) doped filter papers as substrates for SERS measurements. ► Highly sensitive for detection of analyte in aqueous solution. ► Raman enhancement reaches 7 ...orders of magnitude.
Highly sensitive SERS substrates based on deposition of silver nanoparticles on commercially available filter paper were prepared in this work, and used to overcome problems found in analyses of aqueous samples. To prepare silver nanoparticle- (AgNP) doped filter substrates, a silver mirror reaction was used. The procedures for substrate preparation were systematically optimized. Pretreatment of filter paper, reaction time, temperature, and concentration of reagents for silver mirror reactions were studied. The morphologies of the resulting substrates were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and correlated with the SERS signals by probing with p-nitrothiophenol (pNTP). Filter papers with different pretreatments were found to have different sizes and distributions of AgNPs. The best performance was found when filter paper was pre-treated with ammonia solution before growth of AgNPs. Based on the SEM images, the resulting AgNPs had roughly spherical shape with a high degree of uniformity. The silver-coated filter paper substrates provide much higher SERS signals compared to glass substrates and the reproducibility was improved significantly. Based on statistical analyses, the relative standard deviations for substrate-to-substrate and spot-to-spot were both were less than 8% and the enhancement factors for the substrates were, in general, higher than 107. The SERS substrates were used to selectively detect tyrosine in aqueous solution. Results indicate that filter-based SERS substrates are highly suited to detection of tyrosine. Compared to glass-based SERS substrates, 50 times more SERS signal was observed in detection of tyrosine. The linear range can be up to 100
μM with a detection limit of 625
nM (S
N
−1
=
3).
3-D additive manufacturing (AM) offers unprecedented flexibility in the realization of complicated 3-D structures. Polymer jetting is one of the promising 3-D AM techniques that utilizes ...photosensitive polymers as the build material and is capable of precisely printing electromagnetic (EM) components up into the THz range. In this paper, important design and implementation aspects of polymer-jetting-based 3-D-printed EM components are discussed. A number of 3-D-printable polymer materials and their broadband EM characterization from GHz to THz are introduced. Design methodologies specific for 3-D-printed antennas and other EM components are presented. As examples, various 3-D-printed devices operating from GHz to THz frequency, including electromagnetic crystals (EMXT), waveguide, horn antenna, gradient index (GRIN) lenses, as well as 3-D AM-enabled new designs, such as millimeter wave (mmW)/THz, reflect array antennas, computer-generated THz holograms, and so on are reviewed. Moreover, current limitations and possible future improvements of the polymer jetting technique for EM applications are discussed. This type of 3-D AM technique is likely to enable many novel antenna and circuit architectures as well as various interesting 3-D metamaterial structures.
In the last few years, the development of versatile methodologies to incorporate trifluoromethyl groups into organic molecules has attracted significant attention in synthetic chemistry. This review ...gives an overview over the development on the trifluoromethylation of alkynes, which have not been solely discussed before. Formation of diverse C(sp, sp2, sp3)CF3 bonds are all covered in this review.
Versatile methodologies for the incorporation of trifluoromethyl groups into organic molecules have attracted significant attention in synthetic chemistry. This Minireview highlights the recent efforts on the development of trifluoromethylation of alkynes to construct various diverse C(sp, sp2, sp3)CF3 bonds by radical processes, or through transition‐metal catalysis by using nucleophilic or electrophilic trifluoromethylation reagents (see scheme).
Suppose some data have been encrypted, can you compute with the data without decrypting them? This problem has been studied as homomorphic encryption and blind computing. We consider this problem in ...the context of quantum information processing, and present the definitions of quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE) and quantum fully homomorphic encryption (QFHE). Then, based on quantum one-time pad (QOTP), we construct a symmetric QFHE scheme, where the evaluate algorithm depends on the secret key. This scheme permits any unitary transformation on any
n
-qubit state that has been encrypted. Compared with classical homomorphic encryption, the QFHE scheme has perfect security. Finally, we also construct a QOTP-based symmetric QHE scheme, where the evaluate algorithm is independent of the secret key.
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), which reside in the perivascular space of the periodontium, possess characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and are a promising tool for periodontal ...regeneration. Recently, great progress has been made in PDLSC transplantation. Investigators are attempting to maximize the proliferation and differentiation potential of PDLSCs by modifying culture conditions and applying growth factors. Nevertheless, problems remain. First, incomparability among different studies must be minimized by establishing standard guidelines for culture and identification of PDLSCs. Notably, attention should be paid to the biological safety of PDLSC transplantation. The present review updates the latest findings regarding PDLSCs and discusses standard criteria for culture and identification of PDLSCs. Finally, the review calls for careful consideration of PDLSC transplantation safety.
Mitochondria are the major source of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and play an essential role in a plethora of physiological functions, including the regulation of metabolism and the ...maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Mutations of mitochondrial DNA, proteins and impaired mitochondrial function have been implicated in the neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and injury of the central nervous system (CNS). The dynamic feature of mitochondrial fusion, fission, trafficking and turnover have also been documented in these diseases.
A major bottleneck of traditional approach to correct mitochondria-related disorders is the difficulty of drugs or gene targeting agents to arrive at specific sub-compartments of mitochondria. Moreover, the diverse nature of mitochondrial mutations among patients makes it impossible to develop one drug for one disease. To this end, mitochondrial transplantation presents a new paradigm of therapeutic intervention that benefits neuronal survival and regeneration for neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and CNS injury. Supplement of healthy mitochondria to damaged neurons has been reported to promote neuronal viability, activity and neurite re-growth. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advance and development on mitochondrial therapy.
Key parameters for the success of mitochondrial transplantation depend on the source and quality of isolated mitochondria, delivery protocol, and cellular uptake of supplemented mitochondria. To expedite clinical application of the mitochondrial transplantation, current isolation protocol needs optimization to obtain high percentage of functional mitochondria, isolated mitochondria may be packaged by biomaterials for successful delivery to brain allowing for efficient neuronal uptake.
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that control expression of target genes. Our previous studies show that mir-21 is overexpressed in tumor tissues compared with the matched normal tissues. ...Moreover, suppression of mir-21 by antisense oligonucleotides inhibits tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. However, it remains largely unclear as to how mir-21 affects tumor growth, because our understanding of mir-21 targets is limited. In this study, we performed two-dimensional differentiation in-gel electrophoresis of tumors treated with anti-mir-21 and identified the tumor suppressor tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) as a potential mir-21 target. In agreement with this, there is a putative mir-21 binding site at the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of TPM1 variants V1 and V5. Thus, we cloned the 3′-UTR of TPM1 into a luciferase reporter and found that although mir-21 down-regulated the luciferase activity, anti-mir-21 up-regulated it. Moreover, deletion of the mir-21 binding site abolished the effect of mir-21 on the luciferase activity, suggesting that this mir-21 binding site is critical. Western blot with the cloned TPM1-V1 plus the 3′-UTR indicated that TPM1 protein level was also regulated by mir-21, whereas real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed no difference at the mRNA level, suggesting translational regulation. Finally, overexpression of TPM1 in breast cancer MCF-7 cells suppressed anchorage-independent growth. Thus, down-regulation of TPM1 by mir-21 may explain, at least in part, why suppression of mir-21 can inhibit tumor growth, further supporting the notion that mir-21 functions as an oncogene.
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