Family
Cortinariaceae
currently includes only one genus,
Cortinarius
, which is the largest
Agaricales
genus, with thousands of species worldwide. The species are important ectomycorrhizal fungi and ...form associations with many vascular plant genera from tropicals to arctic regions. Genus
Cortinarius
contains a lot of morphological variation, and its complexity has led many taxonomists to specialize in particular on infrageneric groups. The previous attempts to divide
Cortinarius
have been shown to be unnatural and the phylogenetic studies done to date have not been able to resolve the higher-level classification of the group above section level. Genomic approaches have revolutionized our view on fungal relationships and provide a way to tackle difficult groups. We used both targeted capture sequencing and shallow whole genome sequencing to produce data and to perform phylogenomic analyses of 75 single-copy genes from 19 species. In addition, a wider 5-locus analysis of 245 species, from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, was also done. Based on our results, a classification of the family
Cortinariaceae
into ten genera—
Cortinarius, Phlegmacium, Thaxterogaster, Calonarius, Aureonarius, Cystinarius, Volvanarius, Hygronarius, Mystinarius,
and
Austrocortinarius
—is proposed. Seven genera, 10 subgenera, and four sections are described as new to science and five subgenera are introduced as new combinations in a new rank. In addition, 41 section names and 514 species names are combined in new genera and four lecto- and epitypes designated. The position of
Stephanopus
in suborder
Agaricineae
remains to be studied. Targeted capture sequencing is used for the first time in fungal taxonomy in Basidiomycetes. It provides a cost-efficient way to produce -omics data in species-rich groups. The -omics data was produced from fungarium specimens up to 21 years old, demonstrating the value of museum specimens in the study of the fungal tree of life. This study is the first family revision in Agaricales based on genomics data and hopefully many others will soon follow.
Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain, ranging from 1.5 to 12 million, but only around 150,000 ...species have been named and classified to date. Since the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification, the number of newly described taxa has increased from approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly. This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distinguish species, especially cryptic species. Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied regions and habitats, but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species. In this paper, we examine 16 genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in each genus. The genera treated herein are
Cercospora, Diaporthe, Meliola, Passalora, Phyllachora
,
Phyllosticta, Pseudocercospora, Ramularia
(ascomycetes) and
Cortinarius
,
Entoloma
,
Inocybe
,
Marasmius
,
Psathyrella
,
Puccinia, Russula, Uromyces
(basidiomycetes). We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number of entries in GenBank. We introduce 18 new species
Apiospora multiloculata
,
Candolleomyces thailandensis
,
Cortinarius acutoproximus, Cortinarius melleoalbus, Cortinarius pacificus, Cortinarius parvoacetosus, Diaporthe guizhouensis
,
Entoloma pseudosubcorvinum
,
Inocybe meirensongia, Marasmius albulus, Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus, Meliola camporesii
,
Phyllachora siamensis
,
Phyllosticta doitungensis, Picipes yuxiensis
,
Pseudocercospora vignae, Puccinia maureanui
and
Russula inornata
. We also introduce a new record of
Candolleomyces cladii-marisci
and
Inocybe iringolkavensis
. We discuss the genera
Colletotrichum
and
Pleurotus
that are speciose, but do not occur in the top 40. We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.
The island of Cyprus occupies a unique geographical position in the south-eastern region of the Mediterranean basin, with European, West Asian and North African elements present in its fungal ...diversity. Our investigations over the years have revealed considerable diversity of species belonging to the genera
Coprinellus
,
Tulosesus
,
Coprinopsis
,
Coprinus
and
Parasola
on the island. Nevertheless, a number of collections remain unnamed as their molecular, ecological and morphological profiles do not match any presently known taxa. In this first contribution of our study, two setulose
Tulosesus
taxa and one new
Parasola
species collected from coastal dunes and adjacent areas are proposed:
Tulosesus maritimus
,
Parasola litoralis
spp. nov. and
Tulosesus callinus
var
. miionis
var. nov. They are characterised by a combination of unique morphological features and significant genetic differences evidenced by phylogenetic analyses based on multiple DNA markers. Two additional lineages of
Tulosesus
putatively representing unnamed species are also identified. An ITS rDNA sequence from the type collection of the 2-spored species
Parasola cuniculorum
was obtained for the first time and unexpectedly revealed to be conspecific with a 4-spored collection from Cyprus. DNA data was obtained also from the type collections of
P. megasperma
and
P. nudiceps
, and compared with homologous sequences from
Parasola litoralis
and other
Parasola
species. Detailed descriptions and imagery of the newly described taxa are provided, as well as a comparative study of similar species in genera
Coprinellus
,
Tulosesus
and
Parasola
.
Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) have the greatest morphological diversity and complexity of any group of fungi. They have radiated into most niches and fulfil diverse roles in the ecosystem, ...including wood decomposers, pathogens or mycorrhizal mutualists. Despite the importance of mushroom-forming fungi, large-scale patterns of their evolutionary history are poorly known, in part due to the lack of a comprehensive and dated molecular phylogeny. Here, using multigene and genome-based data, we assemble a 5,284-species phylogenetic tree and infer ages and broad patterns of speciation/extinction and morphological innovation in mushroom-forming fungi. Agaricomycetes started a rapid class-wide radiation in the Jurassic, coinciding with the spread of (sub)tropical coniferous forests and a warming climate. A possible mass extinction, several clade-specific adaptive radiations and morphological diversification of fruiting bodies followed during the Cretaceous and the Paleogene, convergently giving rise to the classic toadstool morphology, with a cap, stalk and gills (pileate-stipitate morphology). This morphology is associated with increased rates of lineage diversification, suggesting it represents a key innovation in the evolution of mushroom-forming fungi. The increase in mushroom diversity started during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation event, an era of humid climate when terrestrial communities dominated by gymnosperms and reptiles were also expanding.
Cortinarius
(Fr.) Fr. is one of the most species-rich genera in the
Agaricales
(
Basidiomycota
).
Cortinarius
subgen.
Dermocybe
(Fr.) Trog includes brightly coloured Cortinarii with anthraquinone ...pigments. The chemotaxonomic approach has always been as important as classical methods for species definition of
Dermocybe
and helped to improve overall species concepts. However, some species concepts within this group remain unclear. We therefore address this topic based on a combined phylogenetic, morphological, and pigment-chemical approach. For this, sequence data, HPLC–MS pigment profiles and spore sizes were included were included to obtain a better resolution of taxa. The study was based on 173 recent collections and 12 type specimens. A total of 117 rDNA ITS sequences were produced from the collections in this study, 102 sequences were retrieved from databases. We could detect and clearly delimit 19
Dermocybe
species occurring in central European habitats, from which 16 are discussed in detail. Additionally, we grouped the detected anthraquinone pigments into four groups. This detailed analysis of dermocyboid
Cortinarius
species occurring in a restricted number of habitat types confirmed our hypothesis that species diversity is much higher than currently assumed. This high diversity is blurred by too wide and incorrect species concepts of several classical species like
C. croceus
and
C. cinnamomeus
. Molecular and chemotaxonomical studies carried out together with careful phenotypical analyses resulted in a good differentiation of species. A key is presented for these taxa to allow a better identification of
Cortinarius
subgenus
Dermocybe
spp. occurring in Central Europe mainly in the alpine range.
Cortinarius sect. Armillati (subgenus Telamonia) was studied extensively based on morphology and molecular data. A total of about 1000 specimens, mostly from Fennoscandia, were revised. The ...nomenclature of the species was confirmed by sequencing the type material. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred by analyses of ITS, and the results were compared with the morphological and ecological data. Based on macro- and micromorphological characters, as well as molecular data, section Armillati contains only the medium to large species with slightly hygrophanous pileus and ± reddish or in some species yellowish brown to rose brown universal veils. The other red-brown-veiled species, previously included in Armillati, seem to belong to at least seven different sections or clades: sect. Anthracini, sect. Boulderenses, sect. Brunneotincti p.p., sect. Cinnabarini, sect. Fulvescentes, /Fuscoperonatus, and /Praestigiosus. Our study recognized six Armillati species from northern Europe: C. armillatus, C. luteo-ornatus, C. paragaudis, and three species described as new, C. pinigaudis, C. roseoarmillatus, and C. suboenochelis. The former three also occur in North America. Two additional species, C. subarmillatus (Japan) and C. quercoarmillatus (Costa Rica), are known outside the area. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the species associated with deciduous trees, C. armillatus, C. quercoarmillatus, and C. roseoarmillatus, all with dextrinoid, thick-walled spores, formed a separate group from the mainly conifer-associated species, C. luteo-ornatus, C. paragaudis, C. pinigaudis and C. suboenochelis, all with fairly thin to moderately thick-walled, indextrinoid to moderately dextrinoid spores. Descriptions of the northern European species are provided, the distribution is mapped and their taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and relationships are discussed. A total of 64 new sequences of 12 species are reported including 17 sequences from type material. Our study also suggests that ITS sequences are not always sufficiently variable for species-rank recognition (barcoding) in Cortinarius.
Two new species of Hygroaster from Madagascar Ralaiveloarisoa, Anna Berthe; Liimatainen, Kare; Ralimanana, Hélène ...
Mycological progress,
11/2020, Letnik:
19, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The genus
Hygroaster
(Hygrophoraceae, Hygrophorineae) is a small genus with a tropical distribution. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis, two new species,
H. madagascarensis
and
H. ...andasibensis
, are described from Madagascar. They are the first species of this genus described from Africa. To stabilize the nomenclature, the type specimens of
H. nodulisporus
, the type species of the genus, and
H. fucatus
were studied. The initial combination of the name
Hygrophorus nodulisporus
in the genus
Hygroaster
was invalid and is thus validated here. In addition, our study revealed that
H. fucatus
belongs to the genus
Asproinocybe
in suborder Tricholomatineae, whose representatives also have nodulose basidiospores. A new combination
A. fucata
is proposed.
Section
Anomali
is a species-rich group in North America belonging to
Cortinarius
, the most diverse genus in the Agaricales. This study is based on extensive morphological investigations and ...molecular methods using 191 nrDNA ITS sequence data and recovered 43 phylogenetic species from which 14 are described here as new to science. We sequenced ten type materials which belonged to eight species. The synonymy of
C. caesiellus
with
C. albidipes
and
C. copakensis
with
C. albocyaneus
is proposed here. The North American occurrence of four species (
C. albocyaneus
,
C. anomalus
,
C. caninus
, and
C. tabularis
), so far known only from Europe, was confirmed. Thirteen species were not formally described here due to lack of relevant information. An identification key to the known
Anomali
species in North America is provided.
This paper is a contribution to the current knowledge of taxonomy, ecology and distribution of South American Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray. Cortinarius is among the most widely distributed and ...species-rich basidiomycete genera occurring with South American Nothofagaceae and species are found in many distinct habitats, including shrublands and forests. Due to their ectomycorrhizal role, Cortinarius species are critical for nutrient cycling in forests, especially at higher latitudes. Some species have also been reported as edible fungi with high nutritional quality. Our aim is to unravel the taxonomy of selected Cortinarius belonging to phlegmacioid and myxotelamonioid species based on morphological and molecular data. After widely sampling Cortinarius specimens in Patagonian Nothofagaceae forests and comparing them to reference collections (including holotypes), we propose five new species of Cortinarius in this work. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated rDNA ITS-LSU and RPB1 sequences failed to place these new species into known Cortinarius sections or lineages. These findings highlight our knowledge gaps regarding the fungal diversity of South American Nothofagaceae forests. Due to the high diversity of endemic Patagonian taxa, it is clear that the South American Cortinarius diversity needs to be discovered and described in order to understand the evolutionary history of Cortinarius on a global scale.
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