High-quality genome data of birds play a significant role in the systematic study of their origin and adaptive evolution. The Temminck's tragopan (Tragopan temminckii) (Galliformes, Phasianidae), a ...larger pheasant, is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species of the genus Tragopan, and was defined as class II of the list of national key protected wild animals in China. The absence of a sequenced genome has restricted previous evolutionary trait studies of this taxa.
The whole genome of the Temminck's tragopan was sequenced using Illumina and PacBio platform, and then de novo assembled and annotated. The genome size was 1.06 Gb, with a contig N50 of 4.17 Mb. A total of 117.22 Mb (11.00%) repeat sequences were identified. 16,414 genes were predicted using three methods, with 16,099 (98.08%) annotated as functional genes based on five databases. In addition, comparative genome analyses were conducted across 12 Galliformes species. The results indicated that T. temminckii was the first species to branch off from the clade containing Lophura nycthemera, Phasianus colchicus, Chrysolophus pictus, Syrmaticus mikado, Perdix hodgsoniae, and Meleagris gallopavo, with a corresponding divergence time of 31.43 million years ago (MYA). Expanded gene families associated with immune response and energy metabolism were identified. Genes and pathways associated with plumage color and feather development, immune response, and energy metabolism were found in the list of positively selected genes (PSGs).
A genome draft of the Temminck's tragopan was reported, genome feature and comparative genome analysis were described, and genes and pathways related to plumage color and feather development, immune response, and energy metabolism were identified. The genomic data of the Temminck's tragopan considerably contribute to the genome evolution and phylogeny of the genus Tragopan and the whole Galliformes species underlying ecological adaptation strategies.
(Zheng, 1982) is a tiny grasshopper endemic to Qinling in China. For further study of its transcriptomic features, we obtained RNA-Seq data by Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencing platform. Firstly, ...transcriptomic analysis showed that transcriptome read numbers of two female and one male samples were 25,043,314, 24,429,905, and 25,034,457, respectively. We assembled 65,977 unigenes, their average length was 1,072.09 bp, and the length of N50 was 2,031 bp. The average lengths of
female and male unigenes were 911.30 bp, and 941.82 bp, and the N50 lengths were 1,745 bp and 1,735 bp, respectively. Eight databases were used to annotate the functions of unigenes, and 23,268 functional unigenes were obtained. Besides, we also studied the body color, immunity and insecticide resistance of
Thirty-nine pigment-related genes were annotated. Some immunity genes and signaling pathways were found, such as JAK-STAT and Toll-LIKE receptor signaling pathways. There are also some insecticide resistance genes and signal pathways, like nAChR, GST and DDT. Further, some of these genes were differentially expressed in female and male samples, including pigment, immunity and insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic study of
will provide data reference for gene prediction and molecular expression study of other Tetrigidae species in the future. Differential genetic screening of males and females provides a basis for studying sex and immune balance in insects.
Tonkinacris is a small group in Acrididae. While a few species were occasionally sampled in some previous molecular studies, there is no revisionary research devoted to the genus. In this study, we ...explored the phylogeny of and the relationships among Chinese species of the genus Tonkinacris using the mitochondrial COI barcode and the complete sequences of ITS1 and ITS2 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The phylogeny was reconstructed in maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference frameworks, respectively. The overlap range between intraspecific variation and interspecific divergence was assessed via K2P distances. Species boundaries were delimitated using phylogenetic species concept, NJ tree, K2P distance, the statistical parsimony network as well as the GMYC model. The results demonstrate that the Chinese Tonkinacris species is a monophyletic group and the phylogenetic relationship among them is (T. sinensis, (T. meridionalis, (T. decoratus, T. damingshanus))). While T. sinensis, T. meridionalis and T. decoratus were confirmed being good independent species strongly supported by both morphological and molecular evidences, the validity of T. damingshanus was not perfectly supported by molecular evidence in this study.
Phylogenetic positions of the genus Longgenacris and one of its members, i.e. L. rufiantennus are controversial. The species boundaries within both of L. rufiantennus+Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis and ...F. viridifemorata species groups are unclear. In this study, we explored the phylogenetic positions of the genus Longgenacris and the species L. rufiantennus and the relationships among F. viridifemorata group based on the 658-base fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode and the complete sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The phylogenies were reconstructed in maximum likelihood framework using IQ-TREE. K2P distances were used to assess the overlap range between intraspecific variation and interspecific divergence. Phylogenetic species concept and NJ tree, K2P distance, the statistical parsimony network as well as the generalized mixed Yule coalescent model (GMYC) were employed to delimitate the species boundaries in L. rufiantennus+F. tonkinensis and F. viridifemorata species groups. The results demonstrated that the genus Longgenacris should be placed in the subfamily Melanoplinae but not Catantopinae, and L. rufiantennus should be a member of the genus Fruhstorferiola but not Longgenacris. Species boundary delimitation confirmed the presence of oversplitting in L. rufiantennus+F. tonkinensis and F. viridifemorata species groups and suggested that each group should be treated as a single species.
The Eastern common groundhopper,
Tetrix japonica
, is a pygmy grasshopper species widely distributed in the Eastern Palearctic region, and shows a high degree of phenotypic variation. The ...classification of
Tetrix japonica
is difficult and frequently involved errors. Among the many species of Tetrigidae that have been described in China within the last decades, many synonyms of
Tetrix japonica
were found. The type specimens of many species deposited in the Chinese museums have been re-examined and as a result,
Tetrix japonica
is systematically revised. Based on the results of this review, 23 new synonyms of
Tetrix japonica
are proposed:
Coptotettix circinihumerus
Zheng & Deng, 2004,
syn. nov.
;
Coptotettix emeiensis
Zheng, Lin & Zhang, 2012,
syn. nov.
;
Euparatettix rongshuiensis
Zheng, 2005,
syn. nov.
;
Euparatettix zayuensis
Zheng, Zeng & Ou, 2011,
syn. nov.
;
Macromotettix nigritubercle
Zheng & Jiang, 2006,
syn. nov.
;
Macromotettix yaoshanensis
Zheng & Jiang, 2000,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix albistriatus
Yao & Zheng, 2006,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix albomaculatus
Zheng & Jiang, 2006,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix albomarginis
Zheng & Nie, 2005,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix cenwanglaoshana
Zheng, Jiang & Liu, 2005,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix cliva
Zheng & Deng, 2004,
syn. nov
.;
Tetrix duolunensis
Zheng, 1996,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix grossovalva
Zheng, 1994,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix jiuwanshanensis
Zheng, 2005,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix latipalpa
Cao & Zheng, 2011,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix liuwanshanensis
Deng, Zheng & Wei, 2007,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix qinlingensis
Zheng, Huo & Zhang, 2000,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix rectimargina
Zheng & Jiang, 2004,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix ruyuanensis
Liang, 1998,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix xianensis
Zheng, 1996,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix xinchengensis
Deng, Zheng & Wei, 2007,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix yunlongensis
Zheng & Mao, 2002,
syn. nov.
;
Tetrix zhoushanensis
Gao, Liu & Yin, 2022,
syn. nov.
It is expected that there will be the discoveries of more synonyms of this and other Tetriginae species from the Eastern Palearctic.
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Scelimena melli, which belongs to Orthoptera, Tetrigoidea, Tetrigidae, Scelimeninae was determined. The mitogenome has a length of 14,598 bp and consists of ...37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis using 37 mitochondrial genes with other 22 Tetrigoidea species revealed that S. melli had a closer relationship with Paragavialidium sichuanense, but the monophyly of Scelimeninae was not recovered. The mitogenome data of S. melli would provide useful resources for further evolutionary studies of Scelimeninae and Tetrigoidea species.
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•Mitogenomes and five nuclear genes of tits were sequenced.•A close relationship was detected among some tits.•The phylogeny status of Pseudopodoces humilis was still instable.•The ...incongruence of phylogenetic trees among different datasets was detected.
The phylogeny of tits has been studied using various molecular markers, but their phylogenetic relationships remain controversial. To further investigate their taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships, the entire mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) and five nuclear segments were sequenced from 10 species of tits and two outgroups (Sylviparus modestus and Remiz consobrinus), followed by the comparison of mitogenomic characteristics and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationship based on the different datasets. The results revealed the following: the mitogenomes of 10 ingroup tits, each 16,758–16,799bp in length, displayed typical mitogenome organization and the gene order found in most previously determined Passeriformes mitogenomes; close relationships existed between Parus major and P. monticolus, between P. montanus and P. palustris, and between P. ater and P. venustulus; and Pseudopodoces humilis was a sister group to P. spilonotus, P. cyanus, or the clade containing P. major and P. monticolus.
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•Presented a promising method for removing fluoride from water.•Electrosorption with TiO2-loaded AC achieved a higher defluoridation.•Presented a possible mechanism for the ...elctrosorption of fluoride on Ti-AC.
In this work the electrosorption of fluoride ions on TiO2-loaded activated carbon (Ti-AC) in water has been studied, in order to develop a novel process to remove fluoride from water. The loading of TiO2 on activated carbon (AC) was realized with sol–gel method. The experimental results have shown that the capacity of the electrosorption on the Ti-AC was two folds of that on the original AC. The sorption fitted to the Langmuir isotherm with the maximum capacity of 157.8μmol/g, and the sorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model. The pH study showed the adsorption capacity of Ti-AC by electrosorption had a good performance at pH range of 6–9. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was found that the fluoride existed on the Ti-AC surfaces through ligand exchange to replace the −OH group. The mechanism of the sorption might be attributed to that fluoride first entered the electric double layer of the AC through electrosorption and led to the great increase of fluoride equilibrium concentration near the electrode surfaces, followed by the chemisorption of fluoride on the surfaces, which would greatly improve the sorption capacity.
In China, a significant reduction in primary pollution has been observed due to the Clean Air Action since 2013, and ozone pollution has become increasingly prominent over the past years. Pearl River ...Delta (PRD) is one of the most successful regions concerning primary pollution control, while is suffering from severe ozone pollution during autumn. In this study, we present a field campaign in Shenzhen, a megacity in PRD, in October 2018 with measurements of ozone and photochemical precursors. These observational data are helpful to analyze the local ozone budget and its sensitivity to precursors with the help of an observation-based model (RACM2-LIM1). The observed ozone concentration was up to 121 ppbv during a photochemical episode from 1 to 8 October, when intensive ozone formation up to tens of ppbv/h was found. Ozone vertical measurement indicates the fast ozone production is happening throughout the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which is an important source of morning ozone increase resulting in ozone pollution. An explicit case study is performed to reveal the diurnal feature of instantaneous ozone production rate (P(Ox)) and accumulative P(Ox) based on the O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity, ROx radical primary production rate (P (ROx)), and LN/Q for three cases including ozone pollution and attainment periods. Results show that nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) reduction have positive and negative impact on local ozone production from one pollution episode to the other, which indicates the complexity of O3-precursors sensitivity and difficulty to control ozone pollution in Shenzhen. Finally, comparison among measurements in other campaigns provides additional evidence on local ozone production sensitivity on NOx and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) with respect to a temporal and spatial change. The NOx reduction in Shenzhen has led to higher ozone production from 2015 to 2018 given the nearly constant VOC. However, the ozone mitigation would be benefit from further NOx reduction in the conditions of 2018.
•Field campaign conducted to investigate O3 formation mechanism in Shenzhen.•121 ppbv of O3 was observed in an episode during the China National Holiday.•P(Ox) reached tens of ppbv/h, sufficient to maintain O3 increase.•NOx reduction has led to higher ozone production from 2015 to 2018.
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