Greater awareness of environmental sustainability has driven many industries to transition from using synthetic organic solvents to greener solvents in their manufacturing. Deep eutectic solvents ...(DESs) have emerged as a highly promising category of green solvents with well-demonstrated and wide-ranging applications, including their use as a solvent in extraction of small-molecule bioactive compounds for food and pharmaceutical applications. The use of DES as an extraction solvent of biological macromolecules, on the other hand, has not been as extensively studied. Thereby, the feasibility of employing DES for biomacromolecule extraction has not been well elucidated. To bridge this gap, this review provides an overview of DES with an emphasis on its unique physicochemical properties that make it an attractive green solvent (e.g., non-toxicity, biodegradability, ease of preparation, renewable, tailorable properties). Recent advances in DES extraction of three classes of biomacromolecules-i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids-were discussed and future research needs were identified. The importance of DES's properties-particularly its viscosity, polarity, molar ratio of DES components, and water addition-on the DES extraction's performance were discussed. Not unlike the findings from DES extraction of bioactive small molecules, DES extraction of biomacromolecules was concluded to be generally superior to extraction using synthetic organic solvents.
The therapeutic effects of antioxidant-loaded nanoemulsion can be often optimized by controlling the release rate in human body. Release kinetic models can be used to predict the release profile of ...antioxidant compounds and allow identification of key parameters that affect the release rate. It is known that one of the critical aspects in establishing a reliable release kinetic model is to understand the underlying release mechanisms. Presently, the underlying release mechanisms of antioxidants from nanoemulsion droplets are not yet fully understood. In this context, this review scrutinized the current formulation strategies to encapsulate antioxidant compounds and provide an outlook into the future of this research area by elucidating possible release mechanisms of antioxidant compounds from nanoemulsion system.
Highly hygroscopic pharmaceutical and nutraceutical solids are prone to significant changes in their physicochemical properties due to chemical degradation and/or solid-state transition, resulting in ...adverse effects on their therapeutic performances and shelf life. Moisture absorption also leads to excessive wetting of the solids, causing their difficult handling during manufacturing. In this review, four formulation strategies that have been employed to tackle hygroscopicity issues in oral solid dosage forms of pharmaceuticals/nutraceuticals were discussed. The four strategies are (1) film coating, (2) encapsulation by spray drying or coacervation, (3) co-processing with excipients, and (4) crystal engineering by co-crystallization. Film coating and encapsulation work by acting as barriers between the hygroscopic active ingredients in the core and the environment, whereas co-processing with excipients works mainly by adding excipients that deflect moisture away from the active ingredients. Co-crystallization works by altering the crystal packing arrangements by introducing stabilizing co-formers. For hygroscopic pharmaceuticals, coating and co-crystallization are the most commonly employed strategies, whereas coating and encapsulation are popular for hygroscopic nutraceuticals (e.g., medicinal herbs, protein hydrolysates). Encapsulation is rarely applied on hygroscopic pharmaceuticals, just as co-crystallization is rarely used for hygroscopic nutraceuticals. Therefore, there is potential for improved hygroscopicity reduction by exploring beyond the traditionally used strategy.
Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a by-product of refining process of crude palm oil can be used as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. However, the application of palm oil-based ...biodiesel is often hinder by its poor cold flow properties (CFP). Biodiesel fuel with poor CFP may crystallize and result in clogging of fuel lines, filters and injectors that cause engine operability problems. For that, a vacuum distillation method was designed and its feasibility and efficiency in improving the CFP was examined. A total of 13.60wt% of total saturated fatty acid methyl esters were successfully removed from the PFAD biodiesel, resulting in the improvement of the cloud point (CP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and pour point (PP) of PFAD biodiesel from 20 °C, 19 °C, and 15 °C to 13 °C, 11 °C, and 9 °C, respectively. It is remarkable that the improved CFPP satisfied the requirements for grade C summer biodiesel for temperate climates in EN 14212 standard. Additionally, Sarin (UFAME) empirical correlation was evaluated and it was found to have a good prediction of CFP for PFAD biodiesel, with lower than 2 °C deviation.
The fruit wastes of Mangifera pajang were found to exhibit excellent antioxidant capacity. However, its application can be limited by its poor stability. Therefore, this study aims to improve its ...stability by solubilizing them in a novel choline chloride/ascorbic acid natural deep eutectic solvent (CHCL/AA NADES) system. The degradation of the antioxidant extracts in the aqueous and NADES system under effects of temperature (25 °C, 40 °C, 60 °Cand 80 °C) and pH (3.0–8.0) were studied by modeling the degradation kinetics. For both systems, the degradation process followed the first-order kinetics. Remarkably, a lower degradation rate constant was found for the antioxidant-CHCL/AA NADES system, suggesting the ability of CHCL/AA NADES in protecting the antioxidant against extreme temperature and pH. Moreover, the half-life values for the antioxidant-CHCL/AA NADES was higher by 4.17–25% as compared to the antioxidant-aqueous system, suggesting that the CHCL/AA NADES is feasible to improve the stability of antioxidants.
•CHCL/AA NADES was formulated to enhance the stability of antioxidant from M. pajang.•CHCL/AA NADES protects the antioxidants against extreme temperature and pH.•Antioxidant-CHCL/AA NADES exhibited lower rate constant and higher half-life value.
This paper formalizes a new multi-scale kinetic model for a process influenced by several limiting factors which are multi-scale in nature. The multi-scale kinetic model incorporates all of the ...dominant factors which can be expressed in the form of first-order kinetics where some of the factors could have delayed effects on the process. The applicability of this new model is demonstrated using a case study of Mangifera pajang antioxidant degradation modelling. The results show that the multi-scale kinetic model can provide improved modelling accuracy, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.32%. Interestingly, the analysis of the multi-scale model suggests the presence of two groups of antioxidant compounds based on the degradation dynamics in the M. pajang extract. The dominant group of antioxidant compounds contributes about 87% to the total antioxidant concentration, and the degradation of this group is much slower than the non-dominant antioxidant compounds at pH 3. At a high temperature above 60 °C and pH above 7, the fast-degrading group of antioxidants becomes dominant in the extract. Significantly, the proposed multi-scale kinetic model is generic and flexible which can be applied to data-driven modelling of many different processes.
•New generalized multi-scale kinetic model for improved modelling accuracy.•Antioxidant degradation modelling over broad range of experimental conditions.•Reveals two groups of antioxidants in the extract.•Provides more accurate half-life value of antioxidants.
In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and ascorbic acid (CHCL/AA NADES) was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant properties of ...antioxidant extracts from fruit wastes of Mangifera pajang. The solubilities of Mangifera pajang's antioxidant extracts in water and CHCL/AA NADES at different water contents (0–50 wt%) were investigated. It was observed that the antioxidant extracts were most soluble in the CHCL/AA NADES with 10 wt% of water, and the concentration of antioxidant was found to be approximately 15% and 4% as compared to water and pure CHCL/AA NADES, respectively. The positive effect of water on NADES can be related to the reduced viscosity of NADES, where the viscosity decreased up to 74% upon addition of water. Aside from that, all the tested CHCL/AA NADES enhanced the antioxidant capacity of antioxidant extracts by 1.3–14.64% compared to the antioxidant extracts in water. This finding highlights the role of CHCL/AA NADES as an antioxidant capacity enhancer. Noteworthy, the antioxidant extracts solubilized in the CHCL/AA NADES system formed a nano-scale cluster structure, as depicted by the TEM image, suggesting that the CHCL/AA NADES could potentially use in nanoformulation that provides protection to the antioxidant extracts.
•CHCL/AA NADES was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant capacity.•Addition of water into CHCL/AA NADES enhances the solubility of antioxidant by 15%.•CHCL/AA NADES further increased the DPPH scavenging activity.•The antioxidants-CHCL/AA NADES formed nano-scale cluster structure.
A high alkaline pH was previously demonstrated to enhance the extraction yield of brewer’s spent grains (BSG) proteins. The effects of extraction pH beyond the extraction yield, however, has not been ...investigated before. The present work examined the effects of extraction pH (pH 8–12) on BSG proteins’ (1) amino acid compositions, (2) secondary structures, (3) thermal stability, and (4) functionalities (i.e., water/oil holding capacity, emulsifying, and foaming properties). The ideal extraction temperature (60 °C) and BSG-to-solvent ratio (1:20 w/v) for maximizing the extraction yield were first determined to set the conditions for the pH effect study. The results showed that a higher extraction pH led to more balanced compositions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids and higher proportions of random coils structures indicating increased protein unfolding. This led to superior emulsifying properties of the extracted proteins with more than twofold improvement between pH 8 and a pH larger than 10. The extraction pH, nevertheless, had minimal impact on the water/oil holding capacity, foaming properties, and thermal denaturation propensity of the proteins. The present work demonstrated that a high alkaline pH at pH 11–12 was indeed ideal for both maximizing the extraction yield (37–46 wt.%) and proteins’ functionalities.
Stability of antioxidant compounds (AC) is always a challenging aspect in the food industry. AC, by nature, can be easily degraded under exposure of different parameters, predominantly high ...temperature during food processing. The thermal degradation of AC greatly impedes their nutritional values. However, it is rather surprising that only little attentions are paid concerning the thermal degradation of AC. Therefore, it is of great interest to describe the potential preservation approaches that reduce the thermal degradation rate of the AC. This review presents the effects of parameters affecting the degradation of AC, as well as an update of recent studies focused on the modeling of thermal degradation kinetics of AC. Our efforts encompass the discussion of numerous formulation strategies to improve the thermal stability of AC. In particular, literature compiled in this review highlight the potential of using various formulation strategies like emulsion, cyclodextrin, liposome, hydrogel, solid lipid nanoparticles, and natural deep eutectic solvent to effectively preserve the AC from thermal degradation. These technologies are efficient and reliable in improving the thermal stability of AC. Interestingly, the use of natural deep eutectic solvent holds great promise in enhancing the thermal stability of AC and its application in stabilizing the AC shall be further explored in the future.
The extraction of antioxidant compounds from fruits wastes of
Mangifera pajang
using conventional solvent (ethanol) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) was investigated. A statistical optimization study ...was first performed to maximize the antioxidant activity from ethanol extraction, which led to a maximum antioxidant activity of 11.11 ± 0.06 mg AEAC/g. The optimized parameters were then used in the DES extraction study. Among the several formulations of DESs, the solution where choline chloride mixed with glycerol (CHCL-GLY) resulted in the highest antioxidant activity. Subsequently, the CHCL-GLY formulation was further optimized by adjusting the molar ratio of the glycerol and the water concentration in the solution. The results showed that the CHCL-GLY solution with a molar ratio of 1:2 and addition of 20% water gave the highest antioxidant activity at 11.48 ± 0.09 mg AEAC/g, slightly outperformed the extract obtained by aqueous ethanol, indicating that DESs can be an excellent solvent for extracting antioxidant compounds from plant material which lead to novel industrial applications.
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