Most 1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide (NDI) derivatives, especially those with mild π-acidity cannot achieve photoinduced electron-transfer (PET). Here we report our investigations on the binding ...interactions of a NDI diammonium dichloride salt (NDI·Cl2) with cucurbitnuril (CBn, n = 8, 10) and the formation process of a NDI radical anion upon photoexcitation of the NDI derivative in the presence of CBn (n = 8, 10). As a comparison, the influence of CB7 on the PET process was also evaluated. The results show that the NDI core can be partially or fully encapsulated in CB8 or CB10 to form inclusion complexes at molar ratios of 1 : 1 (CB8·NDI2+) or 1 : 2 (CB10·2NDI2+). In the presence of the host, quick formation of the NDI radical anion was observed with respect to no radical anion formation without the host. According to the spectral results, interesting CB8-promoted charge-transfer interactions between the NDI radical anion and NDI2+ are assumed during UV irradiation. Moreover, from the UV/Vis and EPR spectra, the observation of intense signals of the NDI radical anion in the presence of CB10, could presumably be related to a much better stabilized NDI radical anion encapsulated in CB10.
OBJECTIVE:--We aimed to examine whether pregravid dietary fiber consumptions from cereal, fruit, and vegetable sources and dietary glycemic load were related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) ...risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--This study was a prospective cohort study among 13,110 eligible women in the Nurses' Health Study II. GDM was self-reported and validated by medical record review in a subsample. RESULTS:--We documented 758 incident GDM cases during 8 years of follow-up. After adjustment for age, parity, prepregnancy BMI, and other covariates, dietary total fiber and cereal and fruit fiber were strongly associated with GDM risk. Each 10-g/day increment in total fiber intake was associated with 26% (95% CI 9-49) reduction in risk; each 5-g/day increment in cereal or fruit fiber was associated with a 23% (9-36) or 26% (5-42) reduction, respectively. Dietary glycemic load was positively related to GDM risk. Multivariate relative risk for highest versus lowest quintiles was 1.61 (1.02-2.53) (P for trend 0.03). The combination of high-glycemic load and low-cereal fiber diet was associated with 2.15-fold (1.04-4.29) increased risk compared with the reciprocal diet. CONCLUSIONS:--These findings suggested that prepregnancy diet might be associated with women's GDM risk. In particular, diet with low fiber and high glycemic load was associated with an increased risk. Future clinical and metabolic studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
IMPORTANCE: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reflects past glucose concentrations, but this relationship may differ between those with sickle cell trait (SCT) and those without it. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ...association between SCT and HbA1c for given levels of fasting or 2-hour glucose levels among African Americans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study using data collected from 7938 participants in 2 community-based cohorts, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study and the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). From the CARDIA study, 2637 patients contributed a maximum of 2 visits (2005-2011); from the JHS, 5301 participants contributed a maximum of 3 visits (2000-2013). All visits were scheduled at approximately 5-year intervals. Participants without SCT data, those without any concurrent HbA1c and glucose measurements, and those with hemoglobin variants HbSS, HbCC, or HbAC were excluded. Analysis of the primary outcome was conducted using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to examine the association of SCT with HbA1c levels, controlling for fasting or 2-hour glucose measures. EXPOSURES: Presence of SCT. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Hemoglobin A1c stratified by the presence or absence of SCT was the primary outcome measure. RESULTS: The analytic sample included 4620 participants (mean age, 52.3 SD, 11.8 years; 2835 women 61.3%; 367 7.9% with SCT) with 9062 concurrent measures of fasting glucose and HbA1c levels. In unadjusted GEE analyses, for a given fasting glucose, HbA1c values were statistically significantly lower in those with (5.72%) vs those without (6.01%) SCT (mean HbA1c difference, −0.29%; 95% CI, −0.35% to −0.23%). Findings were similar in models adjusted for key risk factors and in analyses using 2001 concurrent measures of 2-hour glucose and HbA1c concentration for those with SCT (mean, 5.35%) vs those without SCT (mean, 5.65%) for a mean HbA1c difference of −0.30% (95% CI, −0.39% to −0.21%). The HbA1c difference by SCT was greater at higher fasting (P = .02 for interaction) and 2-hour (P = .03) glucose concentrations. The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes was statistically significantly lower among participants with SCT when defined using HbA1c values (29.2% vs 48.6% for prediabetes and 3.8% vs 7.3% for diabetes in 572 observations from participants with SCT and 6877 observations from participants without SCT; P<.001 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among African Americans from 2 large, well-established cohorts, participants with SCT had lower levels of HbA1c at any given concentration of fasting or 2-hour glucose compared with participants without SCT. These findings suggest that HbA1c may systematically underestimate past glycemia in black patients with SCT and may require further evaluation.
Gap junctions are channels that physically connect adjacent cells, mediating the rapid exchange of small molecules, and playing an essential role in a wide range of physiological processes in nearly ...every system in the body, including the nervous system. Thus, altered function of gap junctions has been linked with a plethora of diseases and pathological conditions. Being able to measure and characterize the distribution, function, and regulation of gap junctions in intact tissue is therefore essential for understanding the physiological and pathophysiological roles that gap junctions play. In recent decades, several robust
and
methods have been developed for detecting and characterizing gap junctions. Here, we review the currently available methods with respect to invasiveness, signal-to-noise ratio, temporal resolution and others, highlighting the recently developed chemical tracers and hybrid imaging systems that use novel chemical compounds and/or genetically encoded enzymes, transporters, channels, and fluorescent proteins in order to map gap junctions. Finally, we discuss possible avenues for further improving existing techniques in order to achieve highly sensitive, cell type-specific, non-invasive measures of
gap junction function with high throughput and high spatiotemporal resolution.
Nanostructured electrochemical sensors often suffer from irreversible aggregation and poor adhesion to the supporting materials, resulting in reduced sensitivity and selectivity over time. We ...describe a versatile method for fabrication of a H2O2 sensor by immobilizing copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs; 20 nm) on graphene oxide (GO) sheets via in-situ reduction of copper(II) on a polydopamine (PDA) coating on a glassy carbon electrode. The PDA film with its amino groups and catechol groups acts as both a reductant and an adhesive that warrants tight bonding between the Cu NPs and the support. The modified electrode, best operated at a working voltage of -0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), has a linear response to H2O2 in the 5 μM to 12 mM concentration range, a sensitivity of 141.54 μA∙mM‾1∙cm‾2, a response time of 4 s, and a 1.4 μM detection limit (at an S/N ratio of 3). The sensor is highly reproducible and selective (with minimal interference to ascorbic acid and uric acid). The method was applied to the determination of H2O2 in sterilant by the standard addition method and gave recoveries between 97% and 99%.
Published meta-analyses indicate significant but inconsistent incident type-2 diabetes(T2D)-dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) risk ratios or risk relations (RR). It is nowover a ...decade ago that a published meta-analysis used a predefined standard to identify validstudies. Considering valid studies only, and using random effects dose-response meta-analysis(DRM) while withdrawing spurious results (
< 0.05), we ascertained whether these relationswould support nutrition guidance, specifically for an RR > 1.20 with a lower 95% confidence limit>1.10 across typical intakes (approximately 10th to 90th percentiles of population intakes). Thecombined T2D-GI RR was 1.27 (1.15-1.40) (
< 0.001,
= 10 studies) per 10 units GI, while that forthe T2D-GL RR was 1.26 (1.15-1.37) (
< 0.001,
= 15) per 80 g/d GL in a 2000 kcal (8400 kJ) diet.The corresponding global DRM using restricted cubic splines were 1.87 (1.56-2.25) (
< 0.001,
=10) and 1.89 (1.66-2.16) (
< 0.001,
= 15) from 47.6 to 76.1 units GI and 73 to 257 g/d GL in a 2000kcal diet, respectively. In conclusion, among adults initially in good health, diets higher in GI or GLwere robustly associated with incident T2D. Together with mechanistic and other data, thissupports that consideration should be given to these dietary risk factors in nutrition advice.Concerning the public health relevance at the global level, our evidence indicates that GI and GLare substantial food markers predicting the development of T2D worldwide, for persons ofEuropean ancestry and of East Asian ancestry.
As the host possessing the largest cavity in the cucurbitnuril (CBn) family, CB10 has previously displayed unusual recognition and assembly properties with guests but much remains to be explored. ...Herein, we present the recognition properties of CB10 toward a series of bipyridinium guests including the tetracationic cyclophane known as blue box along with electron‐rich guests and detail the influence of encapsulation on the charge‐transfer interactions between guests. For the mono‐bipyridinium guest (methylviologen, MV2+), CB10 not only forms 1:1 and 1:2 inclusion complexes, but also enhances the charge‐transfer interactions between methylviologen and dihydroxynaphthalene (HN) by mainly forming the 1:2:1 packed “sandwich” complex (CB10⋅2 MV2+⋅HN). For guest 1 with two bipyridinium units, an interesting conformational switching from linear to “U” shape is observed by adding catechol to the solution of CB10 and the guest. For the tetracationic cyclophane‐blue box, CB10 forms a stable 1:1 inclusion complex; the two bipyridinium units tilt inside the cavity of CB10 according to the X‐ray crystal structure. Finally, a supramolecular “Russian doll” was built up by threading a guest through the cavities of both blue box and CB10.
Big cucurbit10uril: Packed “sandwich” and “Russian doll” structures have been assembled by an enhanced charge‐transfer interaction through the encapsulation of bipyridinium guests and an electron‐rich molecule within cucurbit10uril (see scheme).
Goosegrass (Eleusine indica L.), a serious annual weed in the world, has evolved resistance to several herbicides including paraquat, a non-selective herbicide. The mechanism of paraquat resistance ...in weeds is only partially understood. To further study the molecular mechanism underlying paraquat resistance in goosegrass, we performed transcriptome analysis of susceptible and resistant biotypes of goosegrass with or without paraquat treatment.
The RNA-seq libraries generated 194,716,560 valid reads with an average length of 91.29 bp. De novo assembly analysis produced 158,461 transcripts with an average length of 1153.74 bp and 100,742 unigenes with an average length of 712.79 bp. Among these, 25,926 unigenes were assigned to 65 GO terms that contained three main categories. A total of 13,809 unigenes with 1,208 enzyme commission numbers were assigned to 314 predicted KEGG metabolic pathways, and 12,719 unigenes were categorized into 25 KOG classifications. Furthermore, our results revealed that 53 genes related to reactive oxygen species scavenging, 10 genes related to polyamines and 18 genes related to transport were differentially expressed in paraquat treatment experiments. The genes related to polyamines and transport are likely potential candidate genes that could be further investigated to confirm their roles in paraquat resistance of goosegrass.
This is the first large-scale transcriptome sequencing of E. indica using the Illumina platform. Potential genes involved in paraquat resistance were identified from the assembled sequences. The transcriptome data may serve as a reference for further analysis of gene expression and functional genomics studies, and will facilitate the study of paraquat resistance at the molecular level in goosegrass.
A passively mode-locked thulium-doped fiber laser with square-wave pulse generation has been demonstrated using a figure-of-eight configuration with two gain mediums respectively located in the left ...and right loops. In this laser, mode-locking is achieved based on equivalent saturation absorption of a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM). The pulse amplitude and width of the square-wave pulse can be continuously extended through controlling pump power of gain mediums in the left and right loops. Moreover, the pulse dynamics and autocorrelation trace reveal the obtained square-wave pulse is a new kind of noise-like pulse, i.e., noise-like square-wave pulse, with capability of supporting higher pulse energy. This find enriches laser pulse dynamics and has important potential applications in laser detection, sensing and other fields.
The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the relation between red meat intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Over an average of 8.8 years, we evaluated 37,309 participants in the Women's ...Health Study aged >/=45 years who were free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes and completed validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires in 1993.
During 326,876 person-years of follow-up, we documented 1,558 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for age, BMI, total energy intake, exercise, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and family history of diabetes, we found positive associations between intakes of red meat and processed meat and risk of type 2 diabetes. Comparing women in the highest quintile with those in the lowest quintile, the multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) of type 2 diabetes were 1.28 for red meat (95% CI 1.07-1.53, P < 0.001 for trend) and 1.23 for processed meat intake (1.05-1.45, P = 0.001 for trend). Furthermore, the significantly increased diabetes risk appeared to be most pronounced for frequent consumption of total processed meat (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17-1.75 for >/=5/week vs. <1/month, P < 0.001 for trend) and two major subtypes, which were bacon (1.21, 1.06-1.39 for >/=2/week vs. <1/week, P = 0.004 for trend) and hot dogs (1.28, 1.09-1.50 for >/=2/week vs. <1/week, P = 0.003 for trend). These results remained significant after further adjustment for intakes of dietary fiber, magnesium, glycemic load, and total fat. Intakes of total cholesterol, animal protein, and heme iron were also significantly associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
Our data indicate that higher consumption of total red meat, especially various processed meats, may increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women.
![Effects of cucurbit[n]uril ...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1477-0520/small "Effects of cucurbit[n]uril (n = 7, 8, 10) hosts on the formation and stabilization of a naphthalenediimide (NDI) radical anion")
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