Poststroke depression (PSD) is an important consequence after stroke, with negative impact on stroke outcome. The pathogenesis of PSD is complicated, with some special neurobiological mechanism, ...which mainly involves neuroanatomical, neuron, and biochemical factors and neurogenesis which interact in complex ways. Abundant studies suggested that large lesions in critical areas such as left frontal lobe and basal ganglia or accumulation of silent cerebral lesions might interrupt the pathways of monoamines or relevant pathways of mood control, thus leading to depression. Activation of immune system after stroke produces more cytokines which increase glutamate excitotoxicity, results in more cell deaths of critical areas and enlargement of infarctions, and, together with hypercortisolism induced by stress or inflammation after stroke which could decrease intracellular serotonin transporters, might be the key biochemical change of PSD. The interaction among cytokines, glucocorticoid, and neurotrophin results in the decrease of hippocampal neurogenesis which has been proved to be important for mood control and pharmaceutical effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and might be another promising pathway to understand the pathogenesis of PSD. In order to reduce the prevalence of PSD and improve the outcome of stroke, more relevant studies are still required to clarify the pathogenesis of PSD.
A palladium-catalyzed tandem cyclization/C–H functionalization of two alkynes was accomplished to construct a series of polycyclic functionalized indoles. A range of internal alkynes bearing ...synthetically useful functional groups were tolerated. A good regioselectivity was observed when alkyl-substituted alkynes were introduced into the reaction system, and a single product was obtained. Molecular oxygen was used as the terminal oxidant in the approach, rendering the reaction more sustainable.
The current surveillance system only focuses on notifiable infectious diseases in China. The arrival of the big-data era provides us a chance to elaborate on the full spectrum of infectious diseases.
...In this population-based observational study, we used multiple health-related data extracted from the Shandong Multi-Center Healthcare Big Data Platform from January 2013 to June 2017 to estimate the incidence density and describe the epidemiological characteristics and dynamics of various infectious diseases in a population of 3,987,573 individuals in Shandong province, China.
In total, 106,289 cases of 130 infectious diseases were diagnosed among the population, with an incidence density (ID) of 694.86 per 100,000 person-years. Besides 73,801 cases of 35 notifiable infectious diseases, 32,488 cases of 95 non-notifiable infectious diseases were identified. The overall ID continuously increased from 364.81 per 100,000 person-years in 2013 to 1071.80 per 100,000 person-years in 2017 (χ
test for trend, P < 0.0001). Urban areas had a significantly higher ID than rural areas, with a relative risk of 1.25 (95% CI 1.23-1.27). Adolescents aged 10-19 years had the highest ID of varicella, women aged 20-39 years had significantly higher IDs of syphilis and trichomoniasis, and people aged ≥ 60 years had significantly higher IDs of zoster and viral conjunctivitis (all P < 0.05).
Infectious diseases remain a substantial public health problem, and non-notifiable diseases should not be neglected. Multi-source-based big data are beneficial to better understand the profile and dynamics of infectious diseases.
A new and efficient PdII‐catalyzed intermolecular annulation of N‐benzoylsulfonamide with allenes for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones is reported. This CH functionalization is ...compatible with ambient air and moisture, and it can be applied to terminal or internal allenes with different synthetically attractive functional groups. Control experiments and a kinetic isotope effect study are conducted and a plausible mechanism is proposed.
A new and efficient PdII‐catalyzed intermolecular annulation of N‐benzoylsulfonamide with allenes for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones is reported (see scheme). This CH functionalization is compatible with ambient air and moisture, and it can be applied to terminal or internal allenes with different synthetically attractive functional groups. Control experiments and a kinetic isotope effect study were conducted and a plausible mechanism is proposed.
A method for the synthesis of trifluoromethyl CF3‐substituted spirocyclic compounds containing with a unique quaternary carbon center from readily available starting materials has been developed. The ...reaction provides a facile access to 2H‐azirines via cascade cyclization. These compounds constitute a new class of functionalized synthetic intermediates, which can be used for the synthesis of various nitrogen‐containing heterocycles and biologically active CF3‐containing compounds.
Iron-catalyzed aryl C-H and vinyl C-H bonds activation to give valuable substituted indole products was reported. The reaction shows high functional group tolerance.
A straightforward method for the synthesis of highly functionalized vinylarenes through palladium‐catalyzed, norbornene‐mediated CH activation/carbene migratory insertion is described. Extension to ...a one‐pot procedure is also developed. Furthermore, this method can also be used to generate polysubstituted bicyclic molecules. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions to give the products in satisfactory yields using readily available starting materials. This is a Catellani–Lautens reaction that incorporates different types of coupling partners. Additionally, this reaction is the first to demonstrate the possibility of combining Pd‐catalyzed insertion of diazo compounds and Pd‐catalyzed CH activation.
Activate and move! A novel method for the synthesis of highly functionalized vinylarenes through palladium‐catalyzed, norbornene‐mediated CH activation/carbene migratory insertion is developed under mild reaction conditions with readily available starting materials (see scheme). This is a Catellani–Lautens reaction with a diazo compound as a nucleophilic coupling partner. This unique transformation is also the first example of incorporation of CH activation in the Pd‐catalyzed insertion of a diazo compound.
A novel iron-catalyzed aerobic oxidative reaction to synthesize disubstituted isoxazoles from homopropargylic alcohol, t-BuONO, and H2O is developed. The method provides mild conditions to afford a ...variety of useful substituted heterocycles in an efficient and regioselective manner. The mechanism has been studied and proposed, which indicates that the transformation can be realized through construction of a CN bond and CO bond, C–H oxidation, and then cyclization. Moreover, this method can be enlarged to gram scale.
We report mechanistic studies of C–H activitation/amidation reactions using azides as the amino source catalyzed by RuCl2(p-cymene)2. We have achieved two intermediates in the catalytic cycle ...(C5H4NC6H4)Ru(p-cymene)Cl and (C5H4NC6H4)NArRu(p-cymene)Cl (Ar = NO2C6H4SO2). Furthermore, the process from (C5H4NC6H4)Ru(p-cymene)Cl to (C5H4NC6H4)NArRu(p-cymene)Cl was monitored by 19F NMR and a ruthenium–imido species was proposed to explain the formation of the azacyclopropane analogue.
A convenient strategy is presented for the easy preparation of a series of 2 H‐chromenes under mild conditions through iodocyclization of readily accessible propynols. In addition, various ...4‐chromanones can be synthesized through a p‐toluenesulfonic acid catalyzed cascade cyclization with high efficiency (yields up to 99 %). Our developed reaction systems are proven to have good functional‐group applicability and can be scaled up to gram quantities in satisfactory yields. These systems also provide a new synthetic strategy for two types of important flavonoid skeleton without using costly and toxic metal catalysts. Additionally, the resulting halides could be further exploited in subsequent palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions, so these compounds could act as potential intermediates for the construction of some valuable drug molecules.
A better route: Convenient and highly efficient strategies are presented for the easy preparation of 2 H‐chromenes and 4‐chromanones through iodocyclization and p‐toluenesulfonic acid (p‐TsOH) catalyzed cascade cyclization of readily accessible propynols (see scheme). The developed systems have good functional‐group applicability, can be scaled up to gram quantities in satisfactory yields, and provide a new synthetic strategy for two types of important flavonoid skeleton without using costly and toxic metal catalysts.
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