The sirtuin family in health and disease Wu, Qi-Jun; Zhang, Tie-Ning; Chen, Huan-Huan ...
Signal transduction and targeted therapy,
12/2022, Letnik:
7, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotine adenine dinucleotide(+)-dependent histone deacetylases regulating critical signaling pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are involved in numerous biological ...processes. Currently, seven mammalian homologs of yeast Sir2 named SIRT1 to SIRT7 have been identified. Increasing evidence has suggested the vital roles of seven members of the SIRT family in health and disease conditions. Notably, this protein family plays a variety of important roles in cellular biology such as inflammation, metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, etc., thus, it is considered a potential therapeutic target for different kinds of pathologies including cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and other conditions. Moreover, identification of SIRT modulators and exploring the functions of these different modulators have prompted increased efforts to discover new small molecules, which can modify SIRT activity. Furthermore, several randomized controlled trials have indicated that different interventions might affect the expression of SIRT protein in human samples, and supplementation of SIRT modulators might have diverse impact on physiological function in different participants. In this review, we introduce the history and structure of the SIRT protein family, discuss the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of seven members of the SIRT protein family, elaborate on the regulatory roles of SIRTs in human disease, summarize SIRT inhibitors and activators, and review related clinical studies.
Soil erosion control and water resource protection can closely interact during restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. In semi‐arid ecosystems, an urgent issue is how vegetation restoration can ...achieve the goal of soil erosion mitigation and water conservation, which in turn, feeds back to ecosystem functioning.
We reviewed 78 articles from 22 countries in semi‐arid areas to evaluate the effects of vegetation type (i.e. forest, grassland and scrubland) on runoff and sediment yields across different environmental conditions (i.e. vegetation coverage, rainfall intensity, slope gradient and soil texture).
Our meta‐analysis shows that runoff and sediment reduction both increased as the vegetation coverage increased, and tended to be stable when vegetation coverage exceeded 60%. Vegetation provided a greater benefit for sediment reduction than for runoff control under intense rainfall. Grasslands were generally more effective in reducing sediment than other vegetation types. Forests, grasslands and scrublands were most efficient in soil erosion control on 20°–30°, 0°–25° and 10°–25° slopes respectively. Grasslands and scrublands generally performed better with respect to soil erosion control on moderately coarse soils, whereas forests were most effective on medium‐textured and moderately fine soils.
Synthesis and applications. Effective restoration and soil erosion control in semi‐arid ecosystems strongly depends on the selection of vegetation type. Our study further indicates that, for land managers, it is critical to consider local slope, and soil texture, and maintain appropriate vegetation coverage to achieve ecosystem sustainability. Grasslands might be particularly suitable to optimize the trade‐off between soil erosion control and surface water resource in semi‐arid regions.
抽象
半干旱区水保型植被恢复过程中如何实现水土流失控制且维系地表水资源的目标，并进一步反馈于植被生态系统功能，是目前亟待解决的问题。
本研究基于公开发表的来源于22个国家、78篇关于半干旱区植被对土壤侵蚀影响的文献报道，应用Meta‐analysis方法，系统评价了不同植被类型（林地，草地和灌木地）在不同环境条件（植被盖度、降雨强度、坡度和土壤质地）下对径流量和产沙量的影响。
研究结果表明，植被减流效应和减沙效应均随植被盖度的增加而增加，并在植被盖度达到60%时趋于稳定。强降雨下，植被减沙效应大于其减流效应。总体上，三种植被类型中，草地具有最高的减沙效应。林地、草地和灌木地分别在20°‐30°、0°–25°和10º‐25°坡度范围内表现出较高的减流效应和减沙效应。且草地和灌木地在中等粗糙质地土壤中的减流效应和减沙效应较高，林地在中等质地和中等细密质地土壤中的减流效应和减沙效应较高。
综合应用：半干旱区的水保型植被水土流失调控的有效性很大程度上取决于适宜的植被类型。本研究表明，在全球半干旱区，建设草地植被可有效实现水土流失调控与地表水资源维系的权衡。同时，在水保型植被建设过程中，应综合考虑坡度和土壤质地等实际情况并维持适宜的植被盖度，以实现植被生态系统的可持续性。
Effective restoration and soil erosion control in semi‐arid ecosystems strongly depends on the selection of vegetation type. Our study further indicates that, for land managers, it is critical to consider local slope, and soil texture, and maintain appropriate vegetation coverage to achieve ecosystem sustainability. Grasslands might be particularly suitable to optimize the trade‐off between soil erosion control and surface water resource in semi‐arid regions.
Organic mechanoluminochromic materials are mechano/piezo‐responsive and promising for applications in sensors, displays, and data storage devices. However, their switching range of emission is ...seriously impeded by only one kind of emission (either a fluorescent or phosphorescent peak) in the spectrum of single organic compounds. This study presents a design strategy for pure organic compounds with excellent room‐temperature fluorescent–phosphorescent dual‐emission (rFPDE) properties, which combines the effective factors of dipenylsulfone group, crystalline state, and heavy atom effect. Following the principle of color mixing, myriad emission colors with a wide range from orange to purple and across white zone in a straight line in the chromaticity diagram of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) can be obtained by simply mechanical grinding the compound. The unique properties could be concentrated on a pure organic compound through this design strategy, which provides a new efficient channel for the discovery of efficient mechano‐responsive organic materials.
Grinding a rainbow: A purely organic compound with excellent room‐temperature fluorescent–phosphorescent dual‐emission (rFPDE) properties brought about by mechanical grinding has been demonstrated. It shows linearly tunable emission colors with a straight line across the white zone in the chromaticity diagram, following the principle of color mixing.
Plasmon-mediated chemical reactions (PMCRs) constitute a vibrant research field, advancing such goals as using sunlight to convert abundant precursors such as CO
and water to useful fuels and ...chemicals. A key question in this burgeoning field which has not, as yet, been fully resolved, relates to the precise mechanism through which the energy absorbed through plasmonic excitation, ultimately drives such reactions. Among the multiple processes proposed, two have risen to the forefront: plasmon-increased temperature and generation of energetic charge carriers. However, it is still a great challenge to confidently separate these two effects and quantify their relative contribution to chemical reactions. Here, we describe a strategy based on the construction of a plasmonic electrode coupled with photoelectrochemistry, to quantitatively disentangle increased temperature from energetic charge carriers effects. A clear separation of the two effects facilitates the rational design of plasmonic nanostructures for efficient photochemical applications and solar energy utilization.
The metabolic challenges present in tumors attenuate the metabolic fitness and antitumor activity of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs). However, it remains unclear whether persistent metabolic ...insufficiency can imprint permanent T cell dysfunction. We found that TILs accumulated depolarized mitochondria as a result of decreased mitophagy activity and displayed functional, transcriptomic and epigenetic characteristics of terminally exhausted T cells. Mechanistically, reduced mitochondrial fitness in TILs was induced by the coordination of T cell receptor stimulation, microenvironmental stressors and PD-1 signaling. Enforced accumulation of depolarized mitochondria with pharmacological inhibitors induced epigenetic reprogramming toward terminal exhaustion, indicating that mitochondrial deregulation caused T cell exhaustion. Furthermore, supplementation with nicotinamide riboside enhanced T cell mitochondrial fitness and improved responsiveness to anti-PD-1 treatment. Together, our results reveal insights into how mitochondrial dynamics and quality orchestrate T cell antitumor responses and commitment to the exhaustion program.
In this paper, we propose an approach to realize substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) supporting continuous beam scanning from backward to forward above the cutoff ...frequency. First, through phase delay analysis, it was found that SIWs with straight transverse slots support backward and forward radiation of the -1-order mode with an open-stopband (OSB) in between. Subsequently, by introducing additional longitudinal slots as parallel components, the OSB can be suppressed, leading to continuous beam scanning at least from -40° through broadside to 35°. The proposed method only requires a planar structure and obtains less dispersive beam scanning compared with a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) LWA. Both simulations and measurements verify the intended beam scanning operation while verifying the underlying theory.
Surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) have been found to promote chemical reactions. In most oxidative chemical reactions oxygen molecules participate and understanding of the activation mechanism of ...oxygen molecules is highly important. For this purpose, we applied surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to find out the mechanism of SPR‐assisted activation of oxygen, by using p‐aminothiophenol (PATP), which undergoes a SPR‐assisted selective oxidation, as a probe molecule. In this way, SPR has the dual function of activating the chemical reaction and enhancing the Raman signal of surface species. Both experiments and DFT calculations reveal that oxygen molecules were activated by accepting an electron from a metal nanoparticle under the excitation of SPR to form a strongly adsorbed oxygen molecule anion. The anion was then transformed to Au or Ag oxides or hydroxides on the surface to oxidize the surface species, which was also supported by the heating effect of the SPR. This work points to a promising new era of SPR‐assisted catalytic reactions.
Plasmon‐assisted reactions: Surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) support the activation of oxygen to yield metallic oxides and hydroxides on surfaces of Au and Ag nanoparticles, which selectively oxidize molecular species on the surface by laser light illumination. The electron donation to oxygen as well as a local heating effect in the presence of SPRs account for the activation of oxygen.
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor has been considered as a reliable sensor for health monitoring of structural and geotechnical projects. Various types of FBG based sensors have been proposed in past ...few decades and employed for health monitoring of many geotechnical structures. This paper presents an overview of the recent development and application of FBG based sensors for health monitoring of several key geotechnical structures, including soil nail systems, slopes, and piles. Different sensor design, implementation and packaging methods, advantages and limitations of using FBG based sensors in different projects are reviewed. Comparative analysis of using two mathematical methods for the prediction of ground movement using FBG sensor data are also carried out. The two typical mathematical methods include Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Numerical Integration method (NIM). Possible technical challenges of applying FBG sensors for geotechnical monitoring are discussed.
Targeting nucleotide metabolism can not only inhibit tumor initiation and progression but also exert serious side effects. With in-depth studies of nucleotide metabolism, our understanding of ...nucleotide metabolism in tumors has revealed their non-proliferative effects on immune escape, indicating the potential effectiveness of nucleotide antimetabolites for enhancing immunotherapy. A growing body of evidence now supports the concept that targeting nucleotide metabolism can increase the antitumor immune response by (1) activating host immune systems via maintaining the concentrations of several important metabolites, such as adenosine and ATP, (2) promoting immunogenicity caused by increased mutability and genomic instability by disrupting the purine and pyrimidine pool, and (3) releasing nucleoside analogs via microbes to regulate immunity. Therapeutic approaches targeting nucleotide metabolism combined with immunotherapy have achieved exciting success in preclinical animal models. Here, we review how dysregulated nucleotide metabolism can promote tumor growth and interact with the host immune system, and we provide future insights into targeting nucleotide metabolism for immunotherapeutic treatment of various malignancies.
Compounds displaying delayed fluorescence (DF), from severe concentration quenching, have limited applications as nondoped organic light‐emitting diodes and material sciences. As a nondoped ...fluorescent emitter, aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) materials show high emission efficiency in their aggregated states. Reported herein is an AIE‐active, DF compound in which the molecular interaction is modulated, thereby promoting triplet harvesting in the solid state with a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 93.3 %, which is the highest quantum yield, to the best of our knowledge, for long‐lifetime emitters. Simultaneously, the compound with asymmetric molecular structure exhibited strong mechanoluminescence (ML) without pretreatment in the solid state, thus exploiting a design and synthetic strategy to integrate the features of DF, AIE, and ML into one compound.
In a “scense”: A novel compound having an asymmetric structure exhibited aggregation‐induced emission, delayed fluorescence, and mechanoluminescence simultaneously.
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