The recently emerged integrated perovskite/bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (IPOSCs) without any recombination layers have generated wide attention. This type of device structure can ...take the advantages of tandem cells using both perovskite solar and near‐infrared (NIR) BHJ organic solar materials for wide‐range sunlight absorption and the simple fabrication of single junction cells, as the low bandgap BHJ layer can provide additional light harvesting in the NIR region and the high open‐circuit voltage can be maintained at the same time. This progress report highlights the recent developments in such IPOSCs and the possible challenges ahead. In addition, the recent development of perovskite solar cells and NIR organic solar cells is also covered to fully underline the importance and potential of IPOSCs.
Integrated perovskite/bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells have shown great potential to further improve their performance by combining the advantages of perovskite solar cells and near‐infrared (NIR) BHJ organic solar cells. Combining with the maintained high VOC, higher efficiencies are expected by fully optimizing the perovskite layers and NIR BHJ layers through device engineering and materials innovations.
•Granitoid magmatism at 3.47 and 3.35–3.30 Ga in central part of Singhbhum craton.•An early high-HREE TTG followed by progressively more K-rich silicic granites.•Episodic magmatic underplating and ...intraplating in oceanic plateau suggested.•Resultant repeated crustal reworking led to crustal differentiation and cratonization.•Similarity with East Pilbara Terrane and Barberton Granitoid-Greenstone Terrain.
Palaeoarchaean granitoids are exposed over wide area in the Singhbhum craton whose origin and role in crustal evolution are not well constrained. This study presents whole-rock and mineral chemical data coupled with zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotope results on such granitoids from the central part of the craton to understand their petrogenesis, tectonic setting and role in continental crustal evolution. The first phase of granitoid magmatism in this area is represented by a 3.47Ga Na-rich, gneissic tonalite belonging to the Archaean TTG (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) suite. This rock is characterized by high-HREE (heavy rare earth elements), negative Eu anomaly, low Sr/Y ratio and positive zircon Hf isotope signature (εHft=+2.1 to +4.8). It is interpreted to be formed by shallow melting of a juvenile mafic source. At 3.35Ga a silicic, ferroan porphyritic biotite granite formed. It shows variable K/Na, low Y and high Sr/Y, moderately fractionated HREE and positive zircon εHft (+1.8 to +4.0), and is explained as a product of high-temperature melting of a heterogeneous, juvenile source consisting of tonalites and mafic rocks at lower crustal depth. The final phase of granitoid magmatism is marked by a 3.30Ga non-porphyritic ferroan, silica-rich biotite granite. Geochemical characteristics like moderately high K, moderately fractionated HREE, low Ca and Sr/Y, and zircon εHft (+0.8 to +3.7) suggest that the granite was formed by high-pressure melting of a tonalite-dominated source with short crustal residence. All the three granitoid phases display low Mg, Ni and Cr contents and magnesium number (Mg#) precluding direct involvement of mantle in their origin. Rather, crustal reworking caused by episodic plume-related mafic-ultramafic magma underplating and intraplating in an oceanic plateau setting is suggested as the possible mechanism for formation of the granitoids. Successive crustal reworking events involved progressively greater amount of previously formed felsic crust generating more evolved, K-rich granitoids. It appears to be a globally important process which led to effective crustal differentiation and maturing of the cratons during Palaeoarchaean.
Lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles possess superior physicochemical features such as long-lived luminescence, large antenna-generated Stokes or anti-Stokes shifts, narrow emission bands, high ...resistance to photobleaching and low toxicity, and thus are regarded as a new generation of luminescent bioprobes as compared to conventional molecular probes like organic dyes and lanthanide chelates. These functional nanoparticles, although most of their bulk counterparts were well studied previously, have attracted renewed interest for their biomedical applications in areas as diverse as biodetection, bioimaging, and disease diagnosis and therapeutics. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of the latest advances made in developing lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles as potential luminescent bioprobes, which covers areas from their fundamental chemical and physical features to bioapplications including controlled synthesis methodology, surface modification chemistry, optical spectroscopy, and their promising applications in diverse fields, with an emphasis on heterogeneous and homogeneous
in vitro
biodetection of tumor markers and multimodal bioimaging of various tumor tissues. Some future prospects and challenges in this rapidly growing field are also summarized.
The latest advances in lanthanide-doped luminescent nano-bioprobes were comprehensively reviewed, from their fundamental chemical and physical features to diverse bioapplications.
Highly efficient and stable 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells using 2‐thiophenemethylammonium (ThMA) as the spacer cation are successfully demonstrated. It is found that the incorporation of ThMA ...spacer cation into 3D perovskite, which forms a 2D/3D hybrid structure, can effectively induce the crystalline growth and orientation, passivate the trap states, and hinder the ion motion, resulting in improved carrier lifetime and reduced recombination losses. The optimized device exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.49%, combined with a high VOC of 1.16 V and a notable fill factor (FF) of 81%. More importantly, an encapsulated 2D/3D hybrid perovskite device sustains ≈99% of its initial PCE after 1680 h in the ambient atmosphere, whereas the control 3D perovskite device drops to ≈80% of the original performance. Importantly, the device stability under continuous light soaking (100 mW cm−2) is enhanced significantly for 2D/3D perovskite device in comparison with that of the control device. These results reveal excellent photovoltaic properties and intrinsic stabilities of the 2D/3D hybrid perovskites using ThMA as the spacer cation.
2‐Thiophenemethylammonium spacer cations are successfully embedded into formamidinium iodide (FAI)‐ and methylammonium iodide (MAI)‐based 3D perovskites, and these cations can induce the crystalline growth and orientation of the obtained 2D/3D hybrid perovskite. A champion efficiency of 21.49% is demonstrated for a 2D/3D perovskite device, which is combined with a dramatically improved stability in comparison with that of the control device.
•Garnet schists from the South Beishan Orogen experienced high-grade metamorphism at ca. 900Ma.•~900Ma metamorphism is coeval with extensive continental arc formation in the SBOB and CTA.•The SBOB ...and CTA occupied in the periphery of the Rodinia during the final assembly stage.
An early extensive Neoproterozoic (ca. 900Ma) continental magmatic arc system covering hundreds of kilometers has been reported to occur in the South Beishan Orogenic Belt (SBOB) and the Central Tianshan (CTA) in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). However, evidence for coeval high-grade metamorphism and thus the formation of an accretionary orogen in the framework of Rodinia is ambiguous or absent. This study provides new petrological, geochemical and geochronological data for garnet-bearing schists (quartz+garnet+biotite+plagioclase±muscovite) from the SBOB in order to constrain its Neoproterozoic metamorphic history. The metamorphic zircon rims are either unzoned or display sector zoning in CL-images and reveal REE patterns with flat HREE patterns and negative Eu anomalies, which are interpreted to be in chemical equilibrium with garnet and plagioclase. The zircon U-Pb dating yields concordant U-Pb ages of 900±3Ma, 897±2Ma and 898±4Ma for the metamorphic zircon rims. The inherited detrital zircon cores of one sample display a concordant U-Pb age of 1397±5Ma that is consistent with the timing of formation for the extensive Mesoproterozoic continental arc in the SBOB and CTA. Based on phase equilibrium geothermobarometry and average P-T thermobarometric calculations, minimum amphibolite-facies P-T conditions are estimated to be >600°C at pressure >0.6GPa, which is thought to have been overprinted by subsequent Paleozoic metamorphism. However, the Ti-in-zircon thermometer still reveals temperatures of up to 840°C using the composition of metamorphic zircon rims, suggesting former ca. 900Ma granulite-facies peak metamorphic temperatures. The combined petrological and geochronological evidence in conjunction with the continental affinity of the regional metamorphic rocks suggests that the SBOB and the eastern CTA experienced an early Neoproterozoic accretionary orogenesis during the final assembly stage of Rodinia.
Binder jetting is expected to become the universal process for preparing ceramic parts because it can overcome multiple problems, such as the difficulty to prepare complex-shaped ceramic parts and ...the shrinkage of the sintering process, which appear in conventional ceramic preparation process. This paper introduces principles, steps, and applications of binder jetting printing ceramics. Furthermore, five key factors of binder jetting printing ceramics (powders, binders, printing parameters, equipment, and post-treatment process) have been investigated. Accordingly, effects of powders (including shape, particle size and distribution, and additives), binders (including binding method, droplet-formation mechanism, and droplet-infiltration kinetics), printing parameters (including layer thickness, saturation, solid binder, and printing orientation), equipment, and post-treatment (including de-powdering process, and densification process) on density, roughness, strength, accuracy, and resolution of ceramic parts have been discussed and summarized. This paper provides detailed analysis of techniques and mechanisms of binder jetting of ceramics, giving guidance on how to handle raw materials and select various processing parameters for achieving desired performance.
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning technology using smartphones can be applied to many aspects of mass life, and the world's first dual-frequency GNSS smartphone Xiaomi MI 8 ...represents a new trend in the development of GNSS positioning technology with mobile phones. The main purpose of this work is to explore the best real-time positioning performance that can be achieved on a smartphone without reference stations. By analyzing the GNSS raw measurements, it is found that all the three mobile phones tested have the phenomenon that the differences between pseudorange observations and carrier phase observations are not fixed, thus a PPP (precise point positioning) method is modified accordingly. Using a Xiaomi MI 8 smartphone, the modified real-time PPP positioning strategy which estimates two clock biases of smartphone was applied. The results show that using multi-GNSS systems data can effectively improve positioning performance; the average horizontal and vertical RMS positioning error are 0.81 and 1.65 m respectively (using GPS, BDS, and Galileo data); and the time required for each time period positioning errors in N and E directions to be under 1 m is less than 30s.
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