Identifying the relationship between carbon neutrality initiatives and its economic impact is crucial in evaluating the cost of low-carbon transition for policy makers. In this paper, a theoretical ...model is built to discuss the effects of the low-carbon pilot policy in China on urban economic resilience and an empirical test is conducted to examine the relationship using the Heckman two stage model and a panel data of 277 cities from 2004 to 2020. The results show that low-carbon pilot policy significantly enhanced urban economic resilience and the stimulating effect is mainly achieved by motivating technology innovations. In addition, further analysis indicates that low-carbon pilot policy has a more pronounced effect on improving urban economic resilience of cities in the central and western regions than eastern regions. The effect is also more prominent in non-first-tier cities than first-tier cities. The results are robust to placebo test, the Propensity Score Matching Difference-in-Difference test and the test for alternative measure of urban economic resilience. The findings show that the low-carbon pilot policy is consistent with the goal of improving urban economic resilience and technology innovation is the essential pillar of sustainable development.
Alopecia areata (AA) is a type of dermatological disease characterized by rapid and non-scarring hair loss of the scalp or body skin that may be related to genetic, immunological and physiological ...factors. It is now believed that AA is associated with oxidative stress, autoimmune disease, neuropsychological factors, pathogens, immune checkpoint inhibitors and microecological imbalance under the premise of host genetic susceptibility. In recent years, studies have revealed the significant role of the gut microbiome or metabolome in many aspects of human health. Diverse studies have revealed that the gut microbiome and metabolome have an important influence on skin conditions. This review highlights the relationship between AA and the gut microbiome or metabolome to provide novel directions for the prevention, clinical diagnosis and treatment of AA.
Analogous to the atom–molecule relationship, nanoparticle (NP) clusters (or NP-molecules) with defined compositions and directional bonds could potentially integrate the properties of the component ...individual NPs, leading to emergent properties. Despite extensive efforts in this direction, no general approach is available for assembly of such NP-molecules. Here we report a general method for building this type of structures by encapsulating NPs into self-assembled DNA polyhedral wireframe nanocages, which serve as guiding agents for further assembly. As a demonstration, a series of NP-molecules have been assembled and validated. Such NP-molecules will, we believe, pave a way to explore new nanomaterials with emergent functions/properties that are related to, but do not belong to the individual component nanoparticles.
To describe the epidemiology of birth defects (BDs) in perinatal infants in Hunan Province, China, between 2005 and 2014.
The BD surveillance data of perinatal infants (for stillbirth, dead fetus or ...live birth between 28 weeks of gestation and 7 days after birth) were collected from 52 registered hospitals of Hunan between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence rates of BDs with 95% confidence interval (CI) and crude odds ratio (ORs) were calculated to examine the associations of infant gender, maternal age, and region (urban vs rural) with BDs.
From 2005 to 2014, there were a total of 925413 perinatal infants of which 17753 had BDs, with the average prevalence of 191.84 per 10000 PIs (perinatal infants), showing a significant uptrend. The risks of BDs are higher in urban areas versus rural areas (OR = 1.20), in male infants versus female infants (OR = 1.19), and in mothers above age 35 versus those below age 35 (OR = 1.24). The main five types of BDs are Congenital heart defects (CHD), Other malformation of external ear (OMEE), Polydactyly, Congenital malformation of kidney (CMK), and Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTE). From 2005 to 2014, the prevalence rates (per 10000 PIs) of CHD and CMK increased significantly from 22.56 to 74 (OR = 3.29, 95%CI: 2.65-4.11) and from 7.61 to 14.62 (OR = 1.92, 95%CI:1.30-2.84), respectively; the prevalence rates of congenital hydrocephalus and neural tube defects (NTDs) decreased significantly from 11.8 to 5.29 (OR = 0.45, 95%CI: 0.31-0.65) and from 7.87 to 1.74 (OR = 0.22, 95%CI: 0.13-0.38), respectively.
The prevalence rates of specific BDs in perinatal infants in Hunan have changed in the last decade. Urban pregnant women, male perinatal infants, and mothers above age 35 present different prevalence rates of BDs. Wider use of new diagnosis technology, improving the ability of monitoring, strengthening the publicity and education are important to reduce the prevalence of BDs.
The flux Richardson number Rf, also called the mixing efficiency of stratified turbulence, is important in determining geophysical flow phenomena such as ocean circulation and air‐sea transports. ...Measuring Rf in the field is usually difficult, thus parameterization of Rf based on readily observed properties is essential. Here, estimates of Rf in a strongly turbulent, sediment‐stratified estuarine flow are obtained from measurements of covariance‐derived turbulent buoyancy fluxes (B) and spectrally fitted values of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (ε). We test scalings for Rf in terms of the buoyancy Reynolds number (Reb), the gradient Richardson number (Ri), and turbulent Froude number (Frt). Neither the Reb‐based nor the Ri‐based scheme is able to describe the observed variations in Rf, but the Frt‐based parameterization works well. These findings support further use of the Frt ‐ based parameterization in turbulent oceanic and estuarine environments.
Plain Language Summary
Turbulent motions in fluids carry kinetic energy, and that energy is expended through two main processes: most of it is dissipated by friction, but a smaller fraction is used for the transport of important flow constituents such as heat, sediments, and CO2. The latter fraction is the turbulent mixing efficiency, defined more precisely as the fraction of kinetic energy that does work against gravity. This efficiency is difficult to measure directly, and is conventionally assumed to be constant, but recent studies show that it may vary depending on the strength of the turbulence. We investigate this variation using measurements of strongly turbulent, sediment‐laden flows in the Qiantang estuary. Our measurements, along with published observational and simulated data, show how the mixing efficiency can be inferred from a readily measured indicator of turbulence strength, the turbulent Froude number.
Key Points
Direct estimates of the turbulent flux coefficient are made in an energetic, sediment‐stratified estuarine flow
Inefficient mixing is associated with energetic turbulence
The Frt‐based scaling successfully predicts Rf in sediment‐stratified turbulence
Abstract
We study Bridgeland moduli spaces of semistable objects of
$$(-1)$$
(
-
1
)
-classes and
$$(-4)$$
(
-
4
)
-classes in the Kuznetsov components on index one prime Fano threefold
$$X_{4d+2}$$
...X
4
d
+
2
of degree
$$4d+2$$
4
d
+
2
and index two prime Fano threefold
$$Y_d$$
Y
d
of degree
d
for
$$d=3,4,5$$
d
=
3
,
4
,
5
. For every Serre-invariant stability condition on the Kuznetsov components, we show that the moduli spaces of stable objects of
$$(-1)$$
(
-
1
)
-classes on
$$X_{4d+2}$$
X
4
d
+
2
and
$$Y_d$$
Y
d
are isomorphic. We show that moduli spaces of stable objects of
$$(-1)$$
(
-
1
)
-classes on
$$X_{14}$$
X
14
are realized by Fano surface
$$\mathcal {C}(X)$$
C
(
X
)
of conics, moduli spaces of semistable sheaves
$$M_X(2,1,6)$$
M
X
(
2
,
1
,
6
)
and
$$M_X(2,-1,6)$$
M
X
(
2
,
-
1
,
6
)
and the correspondent moduli spaces on cubic threefold
$$Y_3$$
Y
3
are realized by moduli spaces of stable vector bundles
$$M^b_Y(2,1,2)$$
M
Y
b
(
2
,
1
,
2
)
and
$$M^b_Y(2,-1,2)$$
M
Y
b
(
2
,
-
1
,
2
)
. We show that moduli spaces of semistable objects of
$$(-4)$$
(
-
4
)
-classes on
$$Y_{d}$$
Y
d
are isomorphic to the moduli spaces of instanton sheaves
$$M^{inst}_Y$$
M
Y
inst
when
$$d\ne 1,2$$
d
≠
1
,
2
, and show that there are open immersions of
$$M^{inst}_Y$$
M
Y
inst
into moduli spaces of semistable objects of
$$(-4)$$
(
-
4
)
-classes when
$$d=1,2$$
d
=
1
,
2
. Finally, when
$$d=3,4,5$$
d
=
3
,
4
,
5
we show that these moduli spaces are all isomorphic to
$$M^{ss}_X(2,0,4)$$
M
X
ss
(
2
,
0
,
4
)
.
Nutrients from depth have been hypothesized as a primary source of new nutrients that sustain new productivity in oligotrophic oceans; however, the flux is challenging to quantify. Here we show for a ...first time in the oligotrophic South China Sea an extremely low diapycnal dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) flux as 1.8 × 10−4 mmol m−2 d−1 in the nutrient‐depleted layer (NDL) above the nutricline, where other nutrient supplies sustain the new production. Here higher phosphate and silicate fluxes relative to DIN than Redfield stoichiometry further indicate N‐limited biological productivity and additional removal of DIN by diatoms. Below the NDL across the nutricline to the base of euphotic zone, termed as nutrient replete layer, the DIN flux is three orders of magnitude larger and sufficient in supporting the export production therein. Here higher DIC flux relative to DIN than Redfield stoichiometry further infers DIC excess in the upper ocean.
Key Points
The commonly ignored diapycnal advection induced by turbulent mixing is important in calculation of diapycnal nutrient fluxes
The euphotic zone should be categorized into two distinct layers in terms of vertical nutrient fluxes in oligotrophic oceanic regimes
The modulation of diapycnal nutrient fluxes on biological carbon pump in the upper ocean and air‐sea CO2 exchange was inferred
Injury is an important cause of childhood mortality in China. We described the epidemiology and trends of injury-related deaths of children <5 years of age in Hunan province, and discussed several ...policy implications.
Injury-related deaths of children <5 years of age in 2009-2014 were identified from surveillance data. All specific injury mortality and mortality rates in urban and rural area were calculated from census data; Cochran-armitage trend test was used to assess the time trends.
Injury was the leading cause of death in children <5 years of age. Overall injury mortality was 48.96 per 100,000 persons, gradually declined with the year (Z = -18.75, P<0.001), and accounted for 27.14% of all deaths. Injury mortality in rural areas was 64.66 per 100,000 persons, which was more than 3.73 times higher than the rate in urban areas. The three leading causes of injury-related death were drowning (43.63%), suffocation (27.57%), and traffic accidents (14.34%). Suffocation was the leading cause in children <1 year of age (79.49%). Suffocation has high incidence in the winter and spring, and drowning has high incidence in the summer season. Drowning was the leading cause in children 1-4 years of age (62.80%). Drowning and suffocation accounted for 67.74% and 65.11%, of injury-related deaths that occurred at home; while the traffic injury deaths (54.12%) occurred mainly in transit.
Injury-related fatalities in children <5 years of age followed time trends that were different in rural and urban areas. Effective childhood injury prevention may require different prevention policies combination depending on epidemiological characteristics such as development of injury surveillance and public education on injury knowledge. There is a need for evidence-based surveillance of risk factors for development of effective injury prevention programs.
On the basis of long time series of climate and discharge in 108 nonhumid catchments in China this study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of annual water‐energy balance using the Budyko ...hypothesis. For both long‐term means and annual values of the water balances in the 108 catchments, Fu's formula derived from the Budyko hypothesis is confirmed. A high correlation and relatively small systematic error between the values of parameter ϖ in Fu's equation optimized from the water balance of individual year and calibrated from the long‐term mean water balance show that Fu's equation can be used for predicting the interannual variability of regional water balances. It has been found that besides the annual climate conditions the regional pattern of annual water‐energy balance is also closely correlated with the relative infiltration capacity (Ks/ir), relative soil water storage (Smax/E0), and the average slope (tan β). This enables one to estimate the parameter ϖ from catchment characteristics without calibration from the long time series of water balances. An empirical formula for the parameter ϖ in terms of the dimensionless landscape parameters is proposed. Applications of Fu's equation together with the parameter ϖ estimated by this empirical formula have shown that Fu's equation can predict both long‐term mean and annual value of actual evapotranspiration accurately and predict both long‐term mean and interannual variability of runoff reasonably. This implies that the Fu's equation can be used for predicting the annual water balance in ungauged basins.
Tetraspanin proteins are a unique family of highly conserved four-pass transmembrane proteins in metazoans. While much is known about their biochemical properties, the in vivo functions and ...distribution patterns of different tetraspanin proteins are less understood. Previous studies have shown that two paralogous tetraspanins that belong to the TspanC8 subfamily, TSP-12 and TSP-14, function redundantly to promote both Notch signaling and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in C. elegans. TSP-14 has two isoforms, TSP-14A and TSP-14B, where TSP-14B has an additional 24 amino acids at its N-terminus compared to TSP-14A. By generating isoform specific knock-ins and knock-outs using CRISPR, we found that TSP-14A and TSP-14B share distinct as well as overlapping expression patterns and functions. While TSP-14A functions redundantly with TSP-12 to regulate body size and embryonic and vulva development, TSP-14B primarily functions redundantly with TSP-12 to regulate postembryonic mesoderm development. Importantly, TSP-14A and TSP-14B exhibit distinct subcellular localization patterns. TSP-14A is localized apically and on early and late endosomes. TSP-14B is localized to the basolateral cell membrane. We further identified a di-leucine motif within the N-terminal 24 amino acids of TSP-14B that serves as a basolateral membrane targeting sequence, and showed that the basolateral membrane localization of TSP-14B is important for its function. Our work highlights the diverse and intricate functions of TspanC8 tetraspanins in C. elegans, and demonstrates the importance of dissecting the functions of these important proteins in an intact living organism.
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