In this paper we explore the effect of explanations on reducing errors in the human decision making process caused by placing excessive reliance on automated decision support systems. We develop and ...implement different forms of explanations based on cognitive principles and evaluate their effect over two different domains: our new version of the Coloured Trails game, and over a simulated radiological task. We found that explanations did not reduce this aspect of automation bias and sometimes increased it. However, they reduced completion time and often increased user decision accuracy, despite not altering the perceived task load. Overall, explanations were beneficial though the benefits were highly context dependent. This work contributes to the complex interplay between automation bias, performance and explanations.
This study was designed to examine the subjective experiences of Israeli lesbian mothers. We explored the constructed meanings that both biological & nonbiological mothers relate to their motherhood ...experience. Eight lesbian couples who were parenting together & who had 1, 2, or 3 children were interviewed. Our data suggest that the birth of the first child to lesbian couples marks a turning point in the lives of each partner, as well as in the lives of the couples, by creating for the first time a significant distinction between the partners. It was found that lesbian mothers tend to organize their experiences into 3 circles of "being": personal, couple, & communal (eg., familial & social) aspects. Three themes contribute to the theoretical understanding of lesbian motherhood. First, although lesbian couples are known to value the sense of equality in their relationships, the birth of a child by one of the partners is an event that creates 2 different statuses of motherhood: a biological mother & a nonbiological mother. Second, the legal aspects of lesbian motherhood become a part of everyday life for the lesbian family & shape the partners' relationship. Third, being both a lesbian & a mother highlights the fundamental dialectic between marginality & mainstream conformity in the life experiences of lesbian mothers in Israeli society. References. Adapted from the source document.
This study was designed to examine the experiences of Israeli mothers living in same-sex relationships. Eight women's couples who were parenting together and who had one, two or three children were ...interviewed. The data suggest that the birth of the first child to a same-sex couple marks a turning point in the lives of each partner as well as in the life of the couple, creating for the first time a significant distinction between the partners. It was found that lesbian mothers tend to organize their experiences into three circles of "being": personal, couple-related, and communal (e. g. familial and social). Three themes contribute to the theoretical understanding of same-sex motherhood. First, although lesbian couples are known to value the sense of equality in their relationships, the birth of a child by one of the partners is an event that creates two different statuses of motherhood: a biological mother and a social mother. Second, the legal aspects of same-sex motherhood become a part of everyday life for the same-sex family and shape the partners' relationship. Third, being both a woman, living with a woman, and a mother highlights the fundamental dialectic between marginality and mainstream conformity in life experiences of these mothers in Israeli society. Adapted from the source document.
The present study identifies, describes and analyses both individual emotions and emotional interactions between couples. In particular, this study focuses, first, upon the questions of how intimate ...partners experience, understand and construct their emotions and their partner’s emotions and, second, the subsequent effect of this construct upon the unit’s emotional interactions. The study focuses upon a sample of married couples involved in normal life transformations that affect the development of their family. Life transformation occurs when couples or families pass through stages of development characterized by qualitative differences between the stages. That is, a qualitative difference is one that brings about a substantive change in the characterization and construct of the family as well as in the nature of the tasks and the emotional systems within the family. (White and Klein, 2002) Family development theories stress the potential of normal family transformations to increase levels of partner's negative emotions. That is the case even when the developments are perceived as positive and are welcomed by both partners (Duvall & Miller, 1985; Rodgers & White, 1993; White & Klein, 2002). The basis of a system of intimate relationships is the ability of the partners to successfully communicate their emotions. This foundation is dependent upon the intimate partners’ awareness of their own emotions, their partner's emotions, and their ability to verbally express those emotions (Denzin, 1984). The term 'Meta-Emotion' describes the ways in which people experience, feel and think about both their own emotions and the emotions of others (Gottman, Katz & Hooven, 1995). The concept of ‘Meta-Emotion’ is central and basic to the current research. Specifically, the term 'Meta-Emotion' refers to emotions about emotion. It addresses people's concepts, cognitions, metaphors and understandings about their own emotions, and as a result, the emotions of other people, in particular, the emotions of their intimate partners (Gottman, 1999). While most meta-emotion studies to date have focused on parent-child dyads (DeOliveira, Moran & Pederson, 2005; Gottman, Katz & Hooven, 1997; Gottman, 2001; Katz & Gottman, 1997; Katz, Wilson & Gottman, 1999 Katz & Windecker-Nelson, 2004; Ramsden & Hubbard, 2002), the main goal of the present study is to bring into focus the emotional developments, as well as Meta-Emotion constructs, in married couples’ interactions.Phenomenological research aspires to learn the essential, fixed patterns of the phenomenon under discussion. In other words, the goal of phenomenological study is to understand in depth the essence of experiences and phenomena, while recognizing that certain human phenomena share a common essence (Creswell, 1998; Moustakas, 1994). This method of understanding should help provide us with a theoretical structure which will deepen our understanding of the phenomenon under discussion (Denzin, 1989). This thesis focuses on examination of methods by which people grasp and form their emotions, and deals with the question of how this formation effects their emotional interaction with their spouse, and is effected by it.
המחקר חקר 20 משפחות בעלות שלושה דורות(סבים, הורים ונכדים) הגרים בתל אביב, בעלי שליטה בשפה העברית ובעלי אפיונים הסוציו-דמוגרפיים שונים. רוב ההורים נולדו בארץ והם בעלי חינוך גבוה.
רוב ההורים והסבים היו ...נשים, רובן מאירופה ומאמריקה.
תפקיד האם כמגשרת מקובל על ידי הרוב . הסבים הם מגשרים במצבים של משבר משפחתי.
הנכדים מגשרים במקרים בהם הקשרים בין דור ההורים ודור הסבים הם חלשים או בעיתיים.
BACKGROUNDChronic osteomyelitis (CO) is rarely encountered in developed countries and is especially rare in children and adolescents. However, on occurrence, it can pose a difficult therapeutic ...challenge necessitating a combination of aggressive surgical treatment and prolonged antibiotic administration.
METHODSFour patients were treated for CO in the Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit at Schneider Childrenʼs Medical Center between June 2005 and December 2006 and were reviewed retrospectively. Surgical treatment consisted of debridement and lavage, reaming of the intramedullary canal and insertion of gentamycin-impregnated polymetamethacrylate rods into the canal and beads around the infection site. At rod removal reaming and lavage were repeated. Antibiotic treatment was initiated with intravenous cephalothin, followed by prolonged oral treatment according to bacterial sensitivity.
RESULTSCement rods and beads were removed 16 to 62 days after insertion. Intravenous antibiotics were continued for 6 weeks (3-13) and total antibiotic treatment length was 16 weeks (10-37). Total treatment time from presentation to full resolution averaged 8 months (2-18). One patient sustained a fracture requiring osteotomy and correction. At mean follow-up of 41 months from rod removal (36-46), all patients are asymptomatic and fully functional with no clinical signs of infection. C-reactive protein is within normal limits in all 4 patients.
CONCLUSIONSThe method presented combining reaming, lavage and local and systemic antibiotic treatment was found to be safe and effective in the treatment of CO, eradicating the infection and preventing further tissue loss.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCETherapeutic study, clinical case serieslevel IV.
We strengthen the notion of "double samplers", first introduced by Dinur and Kaufman Proc. 58th FOCS, 2017, which are samplers with additional combinatorial properties, and whose existence we prove ...using high dimensional expanders. The ABNNR code construction IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 38(2):509--516, 1992 achieves large distance by starting with a base code \(C\) with moderate distance, and then amplifying the distance using a sampler. We show that if the sampler is part of a larger double sampler then the construction has an efficient list-decoding algorithm. Our algorithm works even if the ABNNR construction is not applied to a base code \(C\) but to any string. In this case the resulting code is approximate-list-decodable, i.e. the output list contains an approximation to the original input. Our list-decoding algorithm works as follows: it uses a local voting scheme from which it constructs a unique games constraint graph. The constraint graph is an expander, so we can solve unique games efficiently. These solutions are the output of the list decoder. This is a novel use of a unique games algorithm as a subroutine in a decoding procedure, as opposed to the more common situation in which unique games are used for demonstrating hardness results. Double samplers and high dimensional expanders are akin to pseudorandom objects in their utility, but they greatly exceed random objects in their combinatorial properties. We believe that these objects hold significant potential for coding theoretic constructions and view this work as demonstrating the power of double samplers in this context.
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