The article discusses how some public health and policy organizations, medical professionals, and other industry experts are calling for a more rational national health investment strategy that ...optimally distributes resources between medical care and social services. The crucial role played by managed care is demonstrated. However, several factors that constrain the capacity of managed care to promote more national investments in health are highlighted.
To evaluate a PCR-based detection and typing method for faecal indicator viruses (F+ RNA coliphages) in water and shellfish, and apply the method for better understanding of the ecology and microbial ...source tracking potential of these viruses. Water and shellfish samples were collected over 3 years at nine estuaries in the East, West and Gulf Coasts of the USA, providing 1033 F+ RNA coliphage isolates. F+ RNA coliphage genotyping rates by reverse transcriptase-PCR - reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization ranged from 94·7% to 100% among estuaries, and were not significantly different in oysters, clams, mussels or water (P = 0·8427). Twenty samples negative by RLB were nucleotide sequenced for confirmation, and to refine RLB probes. More F+ RNA coliphages were genotyped from colder water than warmer waters, while the water salinity did not affect F+ RNA coliphage levels. RT-PCR-RLB was a robust method for detecting and genotyping F+ RNA coliphages from diverse coastal areas, which provided new information on the ecology of F+ RNA coliphages. This performance-validated F+ RNA coliphage method can be used for faecal indicator monitoring and microbial source tracking, to protect recreational bathers and shellfish consumers from exposure to pathogenic virus and their disease risks.
Broken down by occupation, more American journalists worked clandestinely for Soviet intelligence in the United States during the early 1940s than in any other profession except engineering. However, ...since reporters had no direct access to government secrets, most research focuses on their role as messengers, recruiters, and sources of inside information. While not discounting these roles, this article argues that journalist spies also collected a large amount of secret diplomatic and military information. Covering the years 1941 through 1946, this article also shows that the information collected by these spies evolved as World War II morphed into the Cold War.
During the Second World War the United States sent billions of dollars worth of military equipment and supplies to the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. In the Soviet official memory of ...the war, however, Lend-Lease aid was either marginalized or disappeared completely. Past scholars and even Soviet rulers have given different reasons for this amnesia, which often include a paranoid Stalin or high tensions during the Cold War. This essay argues instead that Marx's ideology was mainly responsible for marginalizing the memory of U.S. aid to the Soviet Union. For many, World War II legitimized the Soviet's collective economy. The memory of aid from the capitalist West did not fit the ideological narrative and thus was forgotten. It also demonstrates how memory can be shaped to fit an ideological view.
The following essay argues for a new method of studying the media at war. While past scholarship has focused on war correspondents, censorship, and propaganda, this new history of war reporting ...instead investigates how news shaped the decisions of commanders on the battlefield. In other words, instead of focusing on how governments and militaries attempted to control the press the new history of war reporting flips the question to investigate how the media influenced the decisions of commanders on the battlefield. This essay drawls from the author's new book The Media Offensive: How the Press and Public Opinion Shaped Allied Strategy during World War II.
The Image of a General Lovelace, Alexander G.
Journalism history,
20/7/1/, Letnik:
40, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
There is a great volume of literature on the life of General George S. Patton Jr. Yet there is no comprehensive study of his relationship with the media. Long before the vital connection between the ...media and the military became evident, Patton had discovered and forged a symbiotic relationship with the press. He saw the usefulness of press attention for his soldiers, while reporters discovered that Patton made good headlines. Patton, however, quickly found himself trapped into the "blood and guts" stereotype by an increasingly hostile media. This article demonstrates, for the first time, the important role the media played in Patton's wartime career, creating a distorted image that persists to this day.
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