Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity Shao, Ying; Saredy, Jason; Yang, William Y ...
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology,
2020-June, Letnik:
40, Številka:
6
Journal Article
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In addition to the roles of endothelial cells (ECs) in physiological processes, ECs actively participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. We previously reported that, in comparison to ...macrophages, a prototypic innate immune cell type, ECs have many innate immune functions that macrophages carry out, including cytokine secretion, phagocytic function, antigen presentation, pathogen-associated molecular patterns-, and danger-associated molecular patterns-sensing, proinflammatory, immune-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression, migration, heterogeneity, and plasticity. In this highlight, we introduce recent advances published in both ATVB and many other journals(1) several significant characters classify ECs as novel immune cells not only in infections and allograft transplantation but also in metabolic diseases; (2) several new receptor systems including conditional danger-associated molecular pattern receptors, nonpattern receptors, and homeostasis associated molecular patterns receptors contribute to innate immune functions of ECs; (3) immunometabolism and innate immune memory determine the innate immune functions of ECs; (4) a great induction of the immune checkpoint receptors in ECs during inflammations suggests the immune tolerogenic functions of ECs; and (5) association of immune checkpoint inhibitors with cardiovascular adverse events and cardio-oncology indicates the potential contributions of ECs as innate immune cells.
This study aimed to: (i) analyze the load characteristics of 4 weeks cross-country skiing altitude training; (ii) analyze the relationships between methods of monitoring training load and ...physiological indicators changes of elite male Chinese cross-country skiers during this period. Practitioners collected load data during 4 weeks of altitude training camp. Participants performed maximal oxygen uptake, lactate threshold, body composition, and skierg power test before and after the training camp to investigate the changes in physiological performance. Edwards TRIMP, Lucia TRIMP, and session rating of perceived exertion were collected as internal load. Training distance, time recorded by the Catapult module were collected as external load. The result revealed a " pyramid " pattern in the load characteristics during the altitude training camp. The correlation between luTRIMP and percent change in physiological indicators was highest. Percentage changes in lactate threshold velocity (r = .78 95% CI -.01 to .98), percentage changes in lactate threshold HR (r = .71 95% CI .14- .99), percentage changes in maximum HR (r = .83 95% CI .19-1.00), percentage changes in skierg power-to-weight ratio (r = .75 95% CI -.28 to .98) had very large relationships with luTRIMP. In cross-country skiing altitude training, training loads should be reasonably controlled to ensure that athletes do not become overly fatigued. Methods of training load monitoring that combine with athletes' physiological characteristics and program characteristics have the highest dose-response relationships, it is an important aspect of cross-country ski training load monitoring. The luTRIMP could be a good monitoring tool in cross-country skiing altitude training.
Abstract We numerically investigate the sphere partition function of a Chern-Simons-matter theory with SU(N) gauge group at level k coupled to three adjoint chiral multiplets that is dual to massive ...IIA theory. Beyond the leading order N 5/3 behavior of the free energy, we find numerical evidence for a term of the form (2/9) log N. We conjecture that this term may be universal in theories with N 5/3 scaling in the large-N limit with the Chern-Simons level k held fixed.
Detecting small objects is a challenging task. We focus on a special case: the detection and classification of traffic signals in street views. We present a novel framework that utilizes a visual ...attention model to make detection more efficient, without loss of accuracy, and which generalizes. The attention model is designed to generate a small set of candidate regions at a suitable scale so that small targets can be better located and classified. In order to evaluate our method in the context of traffic signal detection, we have built a traffic light benchmark with over 15,000 traffic light instances, based on Tencent street view panoramas. We have tested our method both on the dataset we have built and the Tsinghua–Tencent 100K (TT100K) traffic sign benchmark. Experiments show that our method has superior detection performance and is quicker than the general faster RCNN object detection framework on both datasets. It is competitive with state-of-the-art specialist traffic sign detectors on TT100K, but is an order of magnitude faster. To show generality, we tested it on the LISA dataset without tuning, and obtained an average precision in excess of 90%.
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of resistance training in older adults on insulin sensitivity.
Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, ...Web of Science and EBSCO were searched from inception to April 2021. We integrated randomized controlled trials published in English, and participants were non-athletic and aged ≥60 years. The outcome of interest was the change in insulin sensitivity, derived from the homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
12 RCTs were included in this meta-analysis comparing resistance training (n = 232) with control (n = 209). Resistance exercise significantly reduced HOMA-IR level (d = −0.25, 95% CI, −0.43 to −0.06; P < 0.05) and HbA1c levels of (d = −0.51, 95% CI, −0.84 to −0.18; P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis of HOMA-IR revealed that the variables “population”, “training intensity” and “period” had significant effects on HOMA-IR, with the largest effect sizes for high-intensity (d = −0.43, 95%CI, −0.85 to −0.22, P < 0.05) and long-term (more than 12 weeks) (d = −0.43, 95%CI, −0.85 to −0.22, P < 0.05) training programs in older adults without type 2 diabetes (T2D) (d = −0.23, 95%CI, −0.42 to −0.04, P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis of HbA1c suggested that resistance training programs with moderate intensity (d = −0.51, 95%CI, −0.90 to −0.12, P < 0.05) and short term (less than or equal to 12 weeks) (d = −0.49, 95%CI, −0.84 to −0.14, P < 0.05) have greater effects on HbA1c.
The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that resistance training is effective for inducing improvement in insulin sensitivity for elderly. Subgroup analysis showed that high intensity and long period of resistance exercise improve HOMA-IR in healthy old adults, and that resistance training with moderate intensity and short period improve HbA1c in T2D old people. More studies with high methodological qualities and large sample sizes need to be done to further confirm our conclusion.
The space environment consists of various complex phenomena, which could have a strong influence on the spacecraft operation in different aspects. Since the very beginning of space exploration, ...numerous studies have been done on the space environment. However, most of the existing literature focuses on the investigation of the details of environmental phenomena, while the space environment has rarely been discussed from the perspective of orbits types. Therefore, a comprehensive review on analyzing and comparing the environmental characteristics among diverse orbits in space is of great significance. In this paper, the main components of the space environment are introduced, including the neutral atmosphere, the plasma environment, the radiation environment, the macroscopic particle environment, the geomagnetic field, the temperature field, and the solar activities. The relations of the various space environmental components are also discussed. The dominant environmental components and their effects on spacecraft in different orbits, i.e., the geosynchronous orbit (GEO), the low earth orbit (LEO), the medium earth orbit (MEO), and the high earth orbit (HEO), are investigated, respectively. The space environment that should be taken into particular consideration is summed up to facilitate the design of the spacecraft in a specific orbit.
SUMMARY
Higher frequency receiver function (RF) analysis based on dense nodal arrays has been widely used for imaging crustal structures. However, the scattered Rayleigh waves generated by the steep ...topography including mountain ranges and basin-range junction zones, have become a significant interference that can lead to false structures in RF images. In this study, we propose a novel method to remove scattered Rayleigh waves from RF profiles by using a high-resolution linear Radon transform. Based on the difference in the apparent velocity of Rayleigh and converted waves at interfaces, we construct a scheme to design an optimal filter mask. Synthetic and observed data show that this method can be an effective tool to remove high-amplitude Rayleigh waves and preserve low-amplitude converted waves almost harmlessly. Modelling tests also show that it is suitable for non-uniform station spacing, white noise and models that include dipping interfaces.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for the progression of cardiovascular diseases, inflammations and tumors. However, the mechanisms of how ROS sense metabolic stress, regulate metabolic ...pathways and initiate proliferation, inflammation and cell death responses remain poorly characterized. In this analytic review, we concluded that: 1) Based on different features and functions, eleven types of ROS can be classified into seven functional groups: metabolic stress-sensing, chemical connecting, organelle communication, stress branch-out, inflammasome-activating, dual functions and triple functions ROS. 2) Among the ROS generation systems, mitochondria consume the most amount of oxygen; and nine types of ROS are generated; thus, mitochondrial ROS systems serve as the central hub for connecting ROS with inflammasome activation, trained immunity and immunometabolic pathways. 3) Increased nuclear ROS production significantly promotes cell death in comparison to that in other organelles. Nuclear ROS systems serve as a convergent hub and decision-makers to connect unbearable and alarming metabolic stresses to inflammation and cell death. 4) Balanced ROS levels indicate physiological homeostasis of various metabolic processes in subcellular organelles and cytosol, while imbalanced ROS levels present alarms for pathological organelle stresses in metabolic processes. Based on these analyses, we propose a working model that ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stress in metabolic processes in various subcellular organelles. Our model provides novel insights on the roles of the ROS systems in bridging metabolic stress to inflammation, cell death and tumorigenesis; and provide novel therapeutic targets for treating those diseases. (Word count: 246).
The enhanced preservation potential of continental material during continental convergence is thought to be responsible for the episodic continental growth process. However, the mechanism of ...preservation potential variation is unclear. In this study, we use a novel high‐density passive‐source seismic approach to image the whole‐crust architecture of the juvenile continent in southern Altaids. Two arcuate crust fragments are found between Paleozoic island‐arc belts, which indicate the relicts of inter‐arc oceanic basins. The results show that the trapped oceanic basins make up a large proportion of the juvenile continental crust and that the reduction in subduction erosion due to its incomplete subduction can explain a period of rapid continental growth revealed by previous zircon studies. We suggest that a large number of ocean basins may be trapped during supercontinent formation, and they play a critical role in continental material preservation and continental episodic growth.
Plain Language Summary
The growth of the continental crust is an episodic process associated with the supercontinental circle, but a specific mechanism to explain it is still lacking. Here, we combined the seismic images with magnetic and geological data to reveal that two trapped oceanic basins form parts of the lower crust in southern Altaids. These oceanic basins are trapped in the gaps between continents and arcs because their boundaries are rarely having a jigsaw puzzle‐like fit. During this process, the continental crust grows significantly due to the addition of oceanic basins and the associated decrease in subduction erosion. We proposed that numerous oceanic basins could be captured during the formation of supercontinents, leading to peaks in continental crust growth.
Key Points
We present a new high‐resolution image of the crustal structures of the Eastern Junggar using the receiver function method
Combing geomagnetic and geological data to identify trapped oceanic basins and reconstruct their trapping process
Investigating the contribution of trapped ocean basins to continental growth and the implications for global continental episodic growth
Phosphorus removal is a crucial aspect of controlling water pollution and eutrophication. In this study, the preparation of lanthanum carbonate (LC) nano-adsorbents for the efficient removal of ...phosphate (P) from water and wastewater was investigated. Results from XRD, SEM and Zeta potential analyses revealed that addition of magnesium ions and adjustment of the reaction temperature could control the morphology and microstructure of LC. Effects of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and the water matrix on P adsorption were investigated. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that LC showed strong performance on P removal over a wide pH range (3.0 to 11.0). The kinetic data followed a pseudo-second-order model, and equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 112.9 mg P/g. Adsorption thermodynamics showed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Results of a monolayer model for single adsorption indicated that P could completely interact with two or more functional groups from the LC surface. In the presence of competing ions (F
, Cl
, SO
, NO
, and HCO
), LC maintained high selectivity for phosphate. For a real effluent, the P concentration was efficiently reduced from 3.2 mg P/L to below 0.5 mg P/L at a dose of 0.5 g/L LC. All the results suggested that LC can serve as a promising adsorbent for P removal in a wide range of pH, and thus could meet the stricter discharge regulations from actual wastewater.
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