The first enantioselective copper-catalyzed cyanation of propargylic C–H bonds via radical relay was established using novel BoxOTMS ligands, providing an efficient and straightforward tool for the ...construction of structurally diverse chiral allenyl nitriles in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. This reaction features high functional group tolerance and mild conditions. In addition, the chiral allene products can be readily converted to other chiral compounds via axis-to-center chirality transfer.
A ligand‐controlled system that enables regioselective trifluoromethylcyanation of 1,3‐enynes has been identified, which provides access to a variety of CF3‐containing tri‐ and tetrasubstituted ...allenyl nitriles. We disclose that the involved propargylic radicals can be selectively trapped by (Box)CuII cyanide, while the tautomerized allenyl radicals are trapped by (phen)CuII cyanide (Box= bisoxazoline, phen=phenanthroline). In addition, the reaction features broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility. Moreover, this protocol represents a novel regioselectivity‐tunable functionalization of 1,3‐enynes via radicals, which we believe will have great implications for the development of catalytic systems for selectivity control in radical and organometallic chemistry.
Two flavors: A ligand‐controlled radical 1,2‐ and 1,4‐addition to 1,3‐enynes provides access to a variety of CF3‐containing tri‐ and tetrasubstituted allenyl nitriles. The reaction features broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility. This protocol represents a novel regioselectivity‐tunable functionalization of 1,3‐enynes via radicals.
In the present study, our aim was to assess the effect of dietary black soldier fly oil (BSFO) with different lipid contents on the growth performance, body composition, lipid metabolism, and related ...gene expression in juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis). An 8-week feeding trial was conducted using four isonitrogenous diets (32.0% crude protein) containing two lipid levels: 6% (control (CT) group) and 9% (high lipid (HL) group), both using soybean oil as the oil source. The other two diets contained BSFO on the basis of 6% and 9% lipid, referred to as (CT + BSFO) and (HL + BSFO) groups. The results showed that final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein retention ratio, and feed utilization were significantly increased by using higher dietary lipid levels (P<0.05). Additionally, the gene expression of lipid synthesis markers was significantly up-regulated in intra-peritoneal fat but significantly down-regulated in the hepatopancreas due to increased dietary lipid level (P<0.05). No negative effects on feed utilization or growth performance were observed in fish fed diets containing BSFO. However, the intra-peritoneal fat index, adipocyte size, and hepatopancreas lipid content were significantly decreased in the CT + BSFO group compared to the CT group (P<0.05). Furthermore, BSFO also up-regulated the expression of lipid lipolysis markers in the hepatopancreas and intra-peritoneal fat (P<0.05). Moreover, the use of BSFO also increased the content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) while reducing the content of n-6 PUFA in the muscle (P<0.05). In conclusion, HL diets improved the growth of the fish and increased the lipid deposition. BSFO in the diet resulted in a reduction of lipid deposition in the hepatopancreas and intra-peritoneal fat, likely due to an increase in lipid oxidation.
Glucose plays a key role as an energy source in most mammals, but its importance in fish appears to be limited that so far seemed to belong to diabetic humans only. Several laboratories worldwide ...have made important efforts in order to better understand this strange phenotype observed in fish. However, the mechanism of carbohydrate/glucose metabolism is astonishingly complex. Why basal glycaemia is different between fish and mammals and how carbohydrate metabolism is different amongst organisms is largely uncharted territory. The utilization of comparative systems biology with model vertebrates to explore fish metabolism has become an essential approach to unravelling hidden in vivo mechanisms.
In this study, we first built a database containing 791, 593, 523, 666 and 698 carbohydrate/glucose metabolic genes from the genomes of Danio rerio, Xenopus tropicalis, Gallus gallus, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens, respectively, and most of these genes in our database are predicted to encode specific enzymes that play roles in defined reactions; over 57% of these genes are related to human type 2 diabetes. Then, we systematically compared these genes and found that more than 70% of the carbohydrate/glucose metabolic genes are conserved in the five species. Interestingly, there are 4 zebrafish-specific genes (si:ch211-167b20.8, CABZ01043017.1, socs9 and eif4e1c) and 1 human-specific gene (CALML6) that may alter glucose utilization in their corresponding species. Interestingly, these 5 genes are all carbohydrate regulation factors, but the enzymes themselves are involved in insulin regulation pathways. Lastly, in order to facilitate the use of our data sets, we constructed a glucose metabolism database platform ( http://101.200.43.1:10000/ ).
This study provides the first systematic genomic insights into carbohydrate/glucose metabolism. After exhaustive analysis, we found that most metabolic genes are conserved in vertebrates. This work may resolve some of the complexities of carbohydrate/glucose metabolic heterogeneity amongst different vertebrates and may provide a reference for the treatment of diabetes and for applications in the aquaculture industry.
A spatial multiplexing reconstruction method has been proposed to improve the sampling efficiency and image quality of Fourier-transform ghost imaging. In this method, the sensing equation of ...Fourier-transform ghost imaging is established based on recombination and reutilization of the correlated intensity distributions of light fields. It is theoretically proved that the scale of the sensing matrix in the sensing equation can be greatly reduced, and spatial multiplexing combined with this matrix reduction provides the feasibility of ghost imaging with just a few measurements. Experimental results show better visibility and signal-to-noise ratio in the Fourier spectrums reconstructed via spatial multiplexing compared with previous methods. The transmittance of an object is also recovered in spatial domain with better image quality based on its spectrum of spatial multiplexing reconstruction. This method is especially important to x-ray ghost imaging applications due to its potential for reducing radiation damage and achieving high quality images in x-ray microscopy.
•Precision nutrition involves ‘precision feeding’, ‘precision metabolism’, ‘precision output’ and ‘precision support’ theoretically and systematically.•This review intends to elaborate the concept ...evolution, theoretical system, and composition of the technical system of precision nutritional regulation.•Especially, we summarized the pathway and regulation of nutrients including protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in fish.
Recently, the concept of precision nutrition has emerged in aquaculture, and there is increasing discussion on this topic. Some researchers have defined precision nutrition as precision feeding, which means that the nutrient contents of feed should meet the requirements for an animal’s optimal production performance and achieve minimum fodder waste at the same time. In practice, precision nutrition should include a comprehensive survey of the animal’s genetic background, living habits, metabolic characteristics, water ecological environment and other factors. Precision nutritional regulation covers every level, from genes, cells, and tissues to the whole organism. Through interacting with genes, nutrients activate or inhibit signalling pathways/networks within cells, which regulate gene expression and protein synthesis and subsequently affect the composition, content and deposition sites of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and trace elements. Therefore, we propose that precision nutritional intervention needs to be carried out from the perspectives of ‘precision feeding’, ‘precision metabolism’, ‘precision output’ and ‘precision support’ simultaneously. This review intends to elaborate the concept evolution, theoretical system, and composition of the technical system, together with other aspects of precision nutritional regulation. This knowledge will provide a theoretical reference for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry and the harvesting of quality products.
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can be critically involved in skeletal muscle growth and body energy homeostasis. Skeletal muscle growth is a complex process; some muscle-specific microRNAs ...(miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of muscle thickening and muscle mass. Additionally, the regulatory network between miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) in the modulation of the role of BCAAs on skeletal muscle growth in fish has not been studied. In this study, common carp was starved for 14 days, followed by a 14-day gavage therapy with BCAAs, to investigate some of the miRNAs and genes that contribute to the regulation of normal growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle in response to short-term BCAA starvation stress. Subsequently, the transcriptome and small RNAome sequencing of carp skeletal muscle were performed. A total of 43,414 known and 1,112 novel genes were identified, in addition to 142 known and 654 novel miRNAs targeting 22,008 and 33,824 targets, respectively. Based on their expression profiles, 2,146 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 84 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs) were evaluated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways, including the proteasome, phagosome, autophagy in animals, proteasome activator complex, and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, were enriched for these DEGs and DEMs. Our findings revealed the role of atg5, map1lc3c, ctsl, cdc53, psma6, psme2, myl9, and mylk in skeletal muscle growth, protein synthesis, and catabolic metabolism. Furthermore, miR-135c, miR-192, miR-194, and miR-203a may play key roles in maintaining the normal activities of the organism by regulating genes related to muscle growth, protein synthesis, and catabolism. This study on transcriptome and miRNA reveals the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of muscle protein deposition and provides new insights into genetic engineering techniques to improve common carp muscle development.
•Feeding value of BSFLM for grass carp was determined for the first time in this study.•Replacement of SM with BSFLM up to 50 % did not alter growth performance, hepatic histomorphology of grass ...carp.•Malondialdehyde activity was significantly decreased with the inclusion of BSFLM in the diet.•Gut bacteria sequencing of grass carp showed that the abundance of Aeromonas and Shewanella decreased in the BSFLM-fed groups.
In order to study the effects of replacement of soybean meal (SM) with defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in grass carp production practice, juvenile grass carps with initial body weight of (10.10 ± 0.28) g were selected for subsequent tests. Five isolipidic (49.1–50.3 g kg−1) and isonitrogen (321.4–327.8 g kg-1) experimental diets were formulated by replacing 0 % (SM), 25% (BSFLM25), 50% (BSFLM50), 75% (BSFLM75) and 100% (BSFLM100) of SM with BSFLM, respectively. After 56 days of feeding, the changes of growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal and liver tissue structure, and intestinal microbiota of grass carp were detected. The results showed that there were no significant differences in growth, feed efficiency and muscle proximate compositions among the treatment groups. The BSFLM100 group had significantly higher TG content than the other groups. Catalase activity was significantly increased in BSFLM25 and BSFLM50 groups compared with that in the SM group. The activities of amylase and lipase in BSFLM50, BSFLM75, and BSFLM100 groups were lower than the control group. Compared with the SM group, the intestinal villi length and the thickness of the intestinal wall of BSFLM75 and BSFLM100 groups were decreased. Gut microbiota analysis showed no significant changes in the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) diversity and richness indices among treatments. However, the abundance of Aeromonas and Shewanella decreased significantly after substitution with BSFLM. These results show that there was no negative effect on growth performance and improved the antioxidant capacity of grass carp when dietary SM complete replacement by BSFLM. However, when the replacement level exceeds 50 %, intestinal histomorphology may be damaged.
Membrane fatty acid desaturase (FADS)‐like superfamily proteins (FADSs) are essential for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Recently, studies on FADS in fishes have mostly focused on ...marine species, and a comprehensive analysis of the FADS superfamily, including the FADS, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD), and sphingolipid delta 4‐desaturase (DEGS) families, in freshwater economic fishes is urgently required. To this end, we conducted a thorough analysis of the number, gene/protein structure, chromosomal location, gene linkage map, phylogeny, and expression of the FADS superfamily. We identified 156 FADSs genes in the genome of 27 representative species. Notably, FADS1 and SCD5 were lost in most freshwater fish and other teleosts. All FADSs proteins contain 4 transmembrane helices and 2–3 amphipathic α‐helices. FADSs in the same family are often linked on the same chromosome; moreover, FADS and SCD or DEGS are frequently collocated on the same chromosome. In addition, FADS, SCD, and DEGS family proteins share similar evolutionary patterns. Interestingly, FADS6, as a member of the FADS family, exhibits a similar gene structure and chromosome location to that of SCD family members, which may be the transitional form of FADS and SCD. This study shed light on the type, structure, and phylogenetic relationship of FADSs in freshwater fishes, offering a new perspective into the functional mechanism analysis of FADSs.
Most genes of the FADS superfamily, which include the FADS, SCD, and DEGS families, typically have 12–11, 6–5, and 3–2 exons and introns, respectively. They share a similar protein architecture (4 transmembrane helices and 2–3 amphipathic a‐helices). The genes/proteins from the same family are usually located on the same chromosome and cluster in a single branch on a phylogenetic tree.
The distribution of fat among both invertebrate and vertebrate groups is heterogeneous. Studies have shown that fatty acid‐binding proteins (FABPs), which mainly bind and transport fatty acids, play ...important roles in the regulation of fat storage and distribution. However, the systematic and genome‐wide investigation of FABP genes in organisms with a heterogeneous fat distribution remains in its infancy. The availability of the complete genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans, Callorhinchus milii, and other organisms with a heterogeneous fat distribution allowed us to systematically investigate the gene structure and phylogeny of FABP genes across a wide range of phyla. In this study, we analyzed the number, structure, chromosomal location, and phylogeny of FABP genes in 18 organisms from C. elegans to Homo sapiens. A total of 12 types of FABP genes were identified in the 18 species, and no single organism exhibited all 12 fatty acid‐binding genes (FABPs). The absence of a specific FABP gene in tissue may be related to the absence of fat storage in the corresponding tissue. The genomic loci of the FABP genes were diverse, and their gene structures varied. The results of the phylogenetic analysis and the observation of conserved gene synthesis of FABP family genes/proteins suggest that all FABP genes may have evolved from a common ancestor through tandem duplication. This study not only lays a strong theoretical foundation for the study of fat deposition in different organisms, but also provides a new perspective regarding metabolic disease prevention and control and the improvement of agricultural product quality.
To clarify the relationships between fatty acid‐binding proteins (FABPs) and the tissues in which fat is deposited, the number, gene structure, conserved synteny, and evolution of FABP family genes in 18 species were systemically studied. In total, 142 FABPs were identified. The absence of a specific FABP gene in tissue may be related to the absence of fat storage in the corresponding tissue.
PDF
