Regulatory B (Breg) cells represent a population of suppressor B cells that participate in immunomodulatory processes and inhibition of excessive inflammation. The regulatory function of Breg cells ...have been demonstrated in mice and human with inflammatory diseases, cancer, after transplantation, and particularly in autoinflammatory disorders. In order to suppress inflammation, Breg cells produce anti-inflammatory mediators, induce death ligand-mediated apoptosis, and regulate many kinds of immune cells such as suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of effector T cell and increasing the number of regulatory T cells. Central nervous system Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNS IDDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, which occur against the background of an acute or chronic inflammatory process. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies directed against B cells, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of CNS IDDs. Therefore, the number and function of B cells in IDDs have attracted attention. Meanwhile, increasing number of studies have confirmed that Breg cells play a role in alleviating autoimmune diseases, and treatment with Breg cells has also been proposed as a new therapeutic direction. In this review, we focus on the understanding of the development and function of Breg cells and on the diversification of Breg cells in CNS IDDs.
In this paper, by constructing contour integral and using Cauchy’s residue theorem, we provide a novel proof of Chu’s two partial fraction decompositions.
The development of two-dimensional (2D) high-performance electrode materials is the key to new advances in the fields of energy storage and conversion. As a novel family of 2D layered materials, ...MXenes possess distinct structural, electronic and chemical properties that enable vast application potential in many fields, including batteries, supercapacitor and catalysis. However, MXene layers are easily formed by stacking together, which significantly reduces the specific surface area, hinders the transmission of ions, and restricts other functional materials on the surface, thereby reducing performance. In addition, due to the inherent defects of a single electrode material, electrodes or catalysts made of single-phase MXene may not meet specific practical application requirements. MXenes nanocomposites materials based on enhanced electrochemical performance through nano-engineering technology and surface modification for morphological control are highly sought after to solve these challenges. This review aims to present recent advances in these emerging MXene nanocomposites for energy storage and conversion applications such as batteries, supercapacitors and catalytic reactions. We also introduced some of the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly developing field.
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•The hydrothermal muscovite Ar–Ar age of 50.4Ma agrees well with the granitoid zircon U–Pb age of ∼50.5Ma.•The C-H-O-S-Pb isotopic compositions of quartz, calcite, pyrite and ...Pyrrhotite from the deposit indicate a magmatic signature.•Widespread Eocene magmatism in the Tengchong block resulted from slab breakoff at ca. 55Ma.
The Lailishan deposit is an important tin deposit that is genetically associated with an Early Eocene biotite granite in the western Yunnan metallogenic belt in the Sanjiang region, SW China. This study reports new zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic data, whole–rock elements, mica Ar–Ar age and C–H–O–S–Pb isotope for the Lailishan Sn deposit. The mineralization–related biotite granite crystallized during the Early Eocene (50.5Ma), with its zircon εHf(t) values ranging from −11.5 to −7.6 and two–stage Hf model ages (TDM2) ranging from 1.60 to 1.85Ga. The rocks are peraluminous with A/CNK values of 0.99–1.08. The granites display high Si, Al and K contents but low Mg, Fe and Ca contents. The rocks show flat chondrite-normalized REE patterns with strong Eu negative anomalies. These characteristics indicate that the magma originated from a continental crustal source. The hydrothermal muscovite exhibits an Ar–Ar plateau age of 50.4±0.2Ma. The δ18O and δD values of hydrothermal quartz from the deposit range from −7.32‰ to 4.01‰ and from −124.9‰ to −87.1‰, respectively. The δ13CPDB and δ18OSMOW values of calcite range from −11.3‰ to −3.7‰ and from +2.2‰ to +12.7‰, respectively. The sulfur isotopic compositions (δ34SV–CDT) range from +3.3‰ to +8.6‰ for sulfide separates, and the lead isotopic ratios 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb range from 18.668 to 18.746, from 15.710 to 15.743 and from 39.202 to 39.295, respectively. These isotopic compositions are similar to those of magma–derived fluids, indicating that the ore–forming fluids and materials mainly originated from magmatic rocks with some input from meteoric water. This evidence suggests that the tin mineralization is closely linked to the Lailishan I–type granites. In combination with previous data, it is proposed in this study that widespread early Eocene magmatism resulted from the slab breakoff of the subducting Neo-Tethyan slab at ca. 55Ma.
The present standard of surgical treatment for esophageal cancer is country dependent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the basic aspects of surgical procedures performed for ...esophageal cancer, and provide information about the present state of esophageal cancer surgery in China.
Data were obtained from a database administered by the Chinese Ministry for Health. A total of 542 participating hospitals were divided into seven geographic areas, and 10% of hospitals in each area were randomly chosen for inclusion. All patients with esophageal cancer, who underwent esophagectomy in these participating hospitals from January 1 to December 31, 2015, were included in the present study. The clinical characteristics, stage of tumor at diagnosis, operation summary and outcomes, and histological findings of patients were extracted and analyzed.
The present study included 11,791 patients, and the average number of patients per hospital was 218. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common pathological type, while the mid-esophagus was the most common location. Open procedures were performed in 63.8% of patients, while minimally invasive esophagectomy was performed in 36.2% of patients. Multiple approaches to transthoracic esophagectomy were utilized. Two-field lymphadenectomy was the most frequently performed (64.8%), followed by three-field lymphadenectomy (21.8%). Gastric tubes, thoracic duct ligation and postoperative enteral nutrition were implemented to minimize complications.
The standard operative procedure and detailed technique for esophageal carcinoma surgery is presently being debated in China. This survey provides some basic information about the present state of esophageal cancer surgery countrywide.
Recently, the authors introduced some generalizations of the Apostol–Bernoulli polynomials and the Apostol–Euler polynomials (see Q.-M. Luo, H.M. Srivastava, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 308 (2005) 290–302 ...and Q.-M. Luo, Taiwanese J. Math. 10 (2006) 917–925). The main object of this paper is to investigate an analogous generalization of the Genocchi polynomials of higher order, that is, the so-called Apostol–Genocchi polynomials of higher order. For these generalized Apostol–Genocchi polynomials, we establish several elementary properties, provide some explicit relationships with the Apostol–Bernoulli polynomials and the Apostol–Euler polynomials, and derive various explicit series representations in terms of the Gaussian hypergeometric function and the Hurwitz (or generalized) zeta function. We also deduce their special cases and applications which are shown here to lead to the corresponding results for the Genocchi and Euler polynomials of higher order. By introducing an analogue of the Stirling numbers of the second kind, that is, the so-called λ-Stirling numbers of the second kind, we derive some basic properties and formulas and consider some interesting applications to the family of the Apostol type polynomials. Furthermore, we also correct an error in a previous paper Q.-M. Luo, H.M. Srivastava, Comput. Math. Appl. 51 (2006) 631–642 and pose two open problems on the subject of our investigation.
In this paper, we give some extensions for Mortenson’s identities in series with the Bell polynomial using the partial fraction decomposition. As applications, we obtain some combinatorial identities ...involving the harmonic numbers.
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•The self-lubricating behaviors of graphene/Cu nanocomposites are studied by MD simulations.•The friction reduction is achieved via the reorientation of GNFs in polycrystalline Cu ...matrix.•The formation of van der Waals gaps in graphene/Cu nanocomposites will reduce the sliding resistance.•The friction coefficient is closely related to the coverage ratio of GNFs at the sliding interface.
Metal matrix composites containing graphene show excellent lubricating performance, while the detailed atomic scale understanding about the origin of this superior lubrication is still absent. In this study, the self-lubricating behaviors of Cu-based nanocomposites embedded with graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) were investigated by large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results indicate that the friction reduction was achieved via the reorientation of GNFs in polycrystalline Cu matrix. We found that the friction coefficient is closely related to the coverage ratio of GNFs at the sliding interface, as the formation of van der Waals gaps in GNFs and between GNF and Cu matrix will reduce the sliding resistance. Especially, a minimum friction coefficient could be obtained when GNFs spread over the whole sliding interface. In addition, the number of layers, flake size and initial orientation angle of GNFs together with multiple GNFs in Cu matrix have also been considered. The simulated results indeed confirm the formation of van der Waals gap behaves as an effective mechanism to reduce the sliding friction.
In this paper, we give two Ramanujan-type circular summation formulas by applying the way of elliptic functions and the properties of theta functions. As applications, we obtain the corresponding ...imaginary transformation formulas for Ramanujan-type circular summations and some theta function identities.
The prognosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) requires regular eye examinations, as ophthalmologists depends on fundus segmentation to treat DR pathologies. Automated approaches for detection, ...segmentation and classification have developed as an imperative area of research for the effective diagnosis of DR for the treatment of serious eye conditions that prevent visual impairment. Diagnosis of various DR lesions, as well as different severities, helping the ophthalmologists to analyze variations in fundus images and take the necessary measures before the disease progresses. Deep learning techniques have evolved as a recent advent to combat the issues of conventional machine leaning based methods. An optimized deep learning framework is proposed in this article for grading and extraction of diabetic retinopathy severities. This involves various steps like background segmentation, feature set extraction, feature optimization using Cuckoo search and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) severity grade classification. The method was validated on two standard datasets MESSIDOR and IDRiD. The proposed method yields an accuracy value of97.55%, cross entropy loss of 0.367 and time intricacy of 20 mins and 15 secs for MESSIDOR and 98.02% cross entropy loss of 0.345 and time intricacy of 22 mins and 21 secs for IDRiD dataset; respectively. The state-of-the-art comparison depicts that the proposed CNN based method provides a maximum accuracy improvement of 10.46% comparative to the existing methodology. The proposed framework yields better accuracy by procurement of the investigative outcomes acquired exhibits proficient DR determination.
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