Water and energy are closely linked and restrict each other, which has become major restraints to urban development associated with constricted water resources availability, increased electricity ...demand and limited environmental capacity. In this study, a copula-based fuzzy interval-random programming method is proposed through integration of copula-based random programming, interval-parameter programming and fuzzy possibilistic programming. It can both handle random, interval and fuzzy information and reflect system joint-risk existing in the water-energy nexus system of Henan Province, China. A class of copulas associated with different water resources availability and electricity consumption scenarios as well as various uncertainties are examined. Results disclose that: a) uncertainties and scenarios employed to water resources, electricity demand and other module parameters can generate prominent impacts on future water-energy nexus system; b) the percentage of electricity by coal-fired power can decrease by 1.8, 2.6 % under low water resources availability scenario compared to high water resources availability scenario. Findings can provide optimal electricity-supply schemes under the conflicts among economic objective, water resources shortage and electricity demand as well as environmental requirement.
•A copula-based fuzzy interval-random programming method is developed.•It is applied to the water-energy nexus system of Henan Province, China.•It can deal with multi-uncertainty and reflect system joint-risk.•Various copulas associated with different joint-interaction scenarios are analyzed.•Findings can provide decision supports for other water-energy nexus systems.
Background The profiles of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) have never been explored. The aim of ...the study was to investigate the reflux profile in OSAHS patients.
Methods Consecutive snoring out‐patients suspected with having OSAHS and 20 healthy volunteers were included. All subjects underwent simultaneous 24‐h combined multichannel intraluminal impedance–pH (MII–pH) monitoring and polysomnography. Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome was defined when the apnea/hypopnea index was over 5. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictor for OSAHS.
Key Results Fifty‐three patients were included, 37 with and 16 without OSAHS. The prevalence of reflux symptoms was similar between OSAHS (35.1%) and non‐OSHAS (37.5%) patients. More OSAHS patients, compared with non‐OSAHS patients and healthy volunteers, had pathologic acid GER, nocturnal acid GER, and prolonged acid clearance (P < 0.001). However, no difference in non‐acid reflux episodes was observed among the three groups. Laryngopharyngeal reflux was detected in 51.4%, 43.8%, and 35.0% of OSAHS, non‐OSAHS, and healthy volunteers, respectively (P = 0.034). In OSAHS patients, there was no difference in the sleep parameters between patients with and without LPR. Body mass index was the only predictor of OSAHS in the regression analysis.
Conclusions & Inferences OSAHS patients have more pathologic acid GER and prolonged acid clearance than non‐OSAHS patients whereas non‐acid reflux was similar between the two groups. However, BMI, not GER, is the only independent predictor for OSAHS. Laryngopharyngeal reflux occurs in more than half of OSAHS patients despite no significant association with OSAHS.
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a key precursor for the biosynthesis of porphyrins such as heme and chlorophyll. ALA alleviates salinity stress damage in germinating seeds and improves seedling ...growth. Exogenous application of ALA at low concentrations has been shown to enhance salt tolerance in a number of plants. In the present study, we studied the effect of exogenous application of ALA on enhancing salt stress tolerance in
Isatis indigotica
Fort. (Anhui population as S1, Shanxi population as S2). A foliar application of 0, 12.5, 16.7, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/L ALA was given to the leaves of
I. indigotica
plants treated with 100 mmol/L NaCl. The fresh weight of leaves and roots; chlorophyll relative content (SPAD value); photosynthetic parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency of the treated plants were determined. The third leaf of each treated plant was used to determine the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), nitrate reductase (NR) activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased in response to 100 mmol/L NaCl in both S1 and S2 plants. However, the fresh weight of leaf and root, chlorophyll relative content, Pn, Gs, Ci decreased in response to salt stress in both S1 and S2 plants. In all foliar application of ALA in S1 plants, the MDA content, and the activities of SOD and POD were the highest in response to 50.0 mg/L foliar application of ALA. GOGAT and NR activities were the highest in response to 16.7 mg/L foliar ALA. Chlorophyll content and Pn were the highest in S1 plants treated with by 25.0 mg/L ALA. In S2 plants, plant fresh weight, chlorophyll relative content, SOD, CAT, NR activities and Pn treated with 16.7 mg/L ALA were higher than that of the control (CK0). POD, MDA, GOGAT activities in S2 plants treated with 25.0 mg/L ALA were the highest among all treatments. Thus, our results showed that the optimal concentration of ALA (16.7 ~ 25.0 mmol/L) increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which in turn helps to abate the damage caused by salt stress in
I. indigotica
seedlings. Furthermore, ALA also results in an increase in chlorophyll content, Pn and the activities of GOGAT and NR.
Abstract
In order to promote the studies of low emittance RF photo cathode and high gradient accelerating structures, a C-band test platform has been initialized since late 2021. In this paper, an ...overview of the present status and future plans of this platform is given. A 3.6-cell C-band RF photo cathode has been manufactured and now is under test. In addition, studies such as the design for a C-band RF traveling-wave accelerating structure and the design of a C-band high gradient parallel-coupled accelerating structure utilizing short pulse are introduced.
This study sought to explore the associations of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) with total cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) burden and cognitive impairment.
We enrolled 201 patients ...in the retrospective study with complete clinical and laboratory data. The SII was calculated as platelet count × neutrophil count/lymphocyte count. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Total CSVD burden was assessed based on magnetic resonance imaging. We performed logistic regression models, Spearman correlation, and mediation analysis to evaluate the associations of SII with CSVD burden and cognitive impairment.
After adjustment for confounding factors in the multivariate binary logistic regression model, elevated SII (odds ratio OR, 3.263; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.577-6.752;
= 0.001) or severe CSVD burden (OR, 2.794; 95% CI, 1.342-5.817;
= 0.006) was significantly associated with the risk of cognitive impairment. Correlation analyses revealed that SII levels were negatively associated with MMSE scores (rs = -0.391,
< 0.001), and positively associated with the total CSVD burden score (rs = 0.361,
< 0.001). Moreover, SII was significantly related to the severity of the CSVD burden (OR, 2.674; 95% CI, 1.359-5.263;
= 0.004). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) in highest tertile versus lowest tertile of SII were 8.947 (3.315-24.145) for cognitive impairment and 4.945 (2.063-11.854) for severe CSVD burden, respectively. The effect of higher SII on cognitive impairment development was partly mediated by severe CSVD burden.
Elevated SII is associated with severe CSVD burden and cognitive impairment. The mediating role of severe CSVD burden suggests that higher SII may contribute to cognitive impairment through aggravating CSVD burden.
Adding three cycles of induction chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin to concurrent chemoradiotherapy improved 3-year recurrence-free survival (85.3%, vs. 76.5% with concurrent ...chemoradiotherapy alone) and overall survival (94.6% vs. 90.3%). Patients receiving induction chemotherapy were more likely to have grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression, nausea, and vomiting.
► Reliable quench detection in EAST is a key issue for steady-state operation. ► The electromagnet noise interference associated with detection signals under different discharge conditions are ...evaluated. ► The effective measures have been realized on detection systems. ► Recently upgrade work has been done, especially for the optimization of ACS and false FSDS were reduced greatly.
EAST is the first Tokamak device whose toroidal and poloidal magnet are superconducting. The enormous magnetic field energy stored in the magnet system will transfer into thermal energy and cause the damage of superconducting magnet, if a quench happened. Therefore, reliable quench detection is a key issue for steady-state operation. In addition to electromagnetic noise from poloidal magnet fields and plasma current which will experience fast current ramp rate, radio frequency noise from heating system also have some interference on quench detection system to a certain degree. The most difficult point for quench detection system is required to have more detail evaluation on electromagnetic noise interference.
Recently experiments have been carried out successfully in EAST device. The steady-state operation with 1MA of plasma current and more than 100-s plasma duration has been obtained. In the paper, the electromagnetic noise interference on quench detection system under different discharge conditions are analyzed and relative process methods are also introduced. The technological experience and experimental data are significant for the constructing ITER and similar superconducting device have been mentioned which will supply significant technological experience and experimental data for constructing ITER and similar superconducting device.
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