Climate change will have a disproportionate impact on poor developing countries compared to the expected net effects in developed regions due to a combination of more severe climatic effects in areas ...that are already vulnerable today, coupled to poor overall capacity to adapt to the projected threats.
La primera motivación de la investigación es indagar sobre el origen de la auditoría externa obligatoria por mandato legal de cuentas en España. A partir de la Real Orden de 23 de octubre de 1923 se ...crearon dos comisiones para analizar las dos principales empresas ferroviarias: la Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España (NORTE) y la Compañía de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante (MZA). La labor de ambas Comisiones Investigadoras de la Contabilidad de octubre de 1923 es importante, desde el punto de vista historiográfico, por ser el primer antecedente conocido de una rigurosa revisión externa de los estados financieros de las empresas de un sector realizada de forma obligatoria por un mandato legal. El segundo objetivo consiste en evaluar la trascendencia de estas revisiones para la actual contabilidad y auditoría.
Para realizar lo anterior, se ha consultado documentación de las compañías y de los diferentes organismos estatales recogidos en el Archivo Histórico Ferroviario de la Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles (AHF).
La contribución del trabajo es que esta revisión tuvo un papel estelar entre los incipientes esfuerzos de revisión de los estados contables, y podría ser considerada como la primera auditoría de cuentas de España. La otra conclusión de la investigación es que la Real Orden de 23 de octubre de 1923 fue más un instrumento político que de validación de la situación económica; no obstante, el nivel de calidad de la revisión -aun con deficiencias- es elevado para el momento en que se realizó.
Henipaviruses are associated with pteropodid reservoir hosts. The glycoproteins G and F of an African henipavirus (strain M74) have been reported to induce syncytium formation in kidney cells derived ...from a Hypsignathus monstrosus bat (HypNi/1.1) but not in nonchiropteran BHK-21 and Vero76 cells. Here, we show that syncytia are also induced in two other pteropodid cell lines from Hypsignathus monstrosus and Eidolon helvum bats upon coexpression of the M74 glycoproteins. The G protein was transported to the surface of transfected chiropteran cells, whereas surface expression in the nonchiropteran cells was detectable only in a fraction of cells. In contrast, the G protein of Nipah virus is transported efficiently to the surface of both chiropteran and nonchiropteran cells. Even in chiropteran cells, M74-G was predominantly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as indicated by colocalization with marker proteins. This result is consistent with the finding that all N-glycans of the M74-G proteins are of the mannose-rich type, as indicated by sensitivity to endo H treatment. These data indicate that the surface transport of M74-G is impaired in available cell culture systems, with larger amounts of viral glycoprotein present on chiropteran cells than on nonchiropteran cells. The restricted surface expression of M74-G explains the reduced fusion activity of the glycoproteins of the African henipavirus. Our results suggest strategies for the isolation of infectious viruses, which is necessary to assess the risk of zoonotic virus transmission. Importance: Henipaviruses are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses associated with pteropodid bat hosts. Whether the recently described African bat henipaviruses have a zoonotic potential as high as that of their Asian and Australian relatives is unknown. We show that surface expression of the attachment protein G of an African henipavirus, M74, is restricted in comparison to the G protein expression of the highly pathogenic Nipah virus. Transport to the cell surface is more restricted in nonchiropteran cells than it is in chiropteran cells, explaining the differential fusion activity of the M74 surface proteins in these cells. Our results imply that surface expression of viral glycoproteins may serve as a major marker to assess the zoonotic risk of emerging henipaviruses.
Although terrorism continues to retain its localised nature in some respects, the threat has taken on an international character for some time now. Consequently, national efforts to curb terrorism ...are not sufficient in dealing with the threat, underscoring the importance of multilateral counterterrorism cooperation. The United Nations (UN) is perhaps the most visible and predominant international organisation for security issues and has thus built the prime case study for this research endeavour. The aim of this thesis has been to examine how the UN's response to terrorism has changed since the 1970s. In doing so, the project has provided an empirical overview of 50 years of UN counterterrorism efforts and has analysed the empirical data to identify patterns, continuities, and disruptions in the UN's response. The findings suggest that the United Nations has seen both change and continuity in its efforts to quell terrorist violence and it has been demonstrated that, while multilateral counterterrorism cooperation is possible at the UN, it is cumbersome and progress is best done away from the political limelight. The obstacles that have prevented swift action when the UN General Assembly first took up the issue in 1972 have remained remarkably consistent and are unlikely to be solved quickly. The step-by-step criminalisation of certain offences through treaty-making has however allowed the Assembly to make some progress. Following the Cold War, the Security Council has — although not spared from definitional short-comings — responded to terrorism in a more assertive (e.g. sanctions) and at times forceful manner. Finally, it has been highlighted that the politised nature of terrorism can greatly limit counterterrorism responses. Therefore, it has been suggested that future academic inquiry must explore the extent to which less politised organisations, those that are technical and regional in nature, might be better suited to address terrorism within their framework.
In this book some 50 papers published by K A Müller as author or co-author over several decades, amplified by more recent work mainly by T W Kool with collaborators, are reproduced. The main subject ...is Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) applied to the study of perovskites and other oxides with related subjects. This wealth of papers is organized into eleven chapters, each with an introductory text written in the light of current understanding. The contributions of the first editor on structural phase transitions have been immense, and because K A Müller and J C Fayet have published a review paper on the subject, the latter is reproduced in chapter VII. Not related to EPR is a part of chapter VIII on the dipolar and quantum paraelectric behavior with dielectric studies. In chapter X two papers proving the existence of Fermi glasses are reproduced.
Temperature dependent transmission measurements have been performed on Mg
x
Zn
1−
x
O thin layers on sapphire with
x
in the range from 0 to 0.33. Multiple minima can be observed in the spectra from ...samples with low Mg content. These can be attributed to exciton–phonon complexes. To determine the exciton transition energy, the transmission spectra have been fitted using the model dielectric function of Adachi with Gaussian-like broadening. The exciton transition energy is compared to the photoluminescence maximum in dependence on temperature and Mg content.
The TELECOVID study (https://www.telecovid.de) is designed to remotely monitor the physiological health status of COVID-19 positive-risk patients in home isolation. Key vital parameters are measured ...day and night using an in-ear biosensor technology. These data are streamed to the clinic in real time to enable timely interaction in case of deterioration.
Manual image annotation is a tedious and time-consuming task, while automated methods are error prone and limited in their results. Human computation, and especially games with a purpose, have shown ...potential to create high quality annotations by "hiding the complexity" of the actual annotation task and employing the "wisdom of the crowds". In this demo paper we present two games with a single purpose: finding regions in images that correspond to given terms. We discuss approach, implementation, and preliminary results of our work and give an outlook to immediate future work.
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