This paper tests the pertinence of individual-level theoretical framework of fear of crime to explain fear of terrorism and underscores the significance of the nexus between fear of terrorism and ...perceived risk of terrorism. It reviews the literature on conceptualization of terrorism and crime, focusing on individual-level determinants of fear of crime and terrorism through victimization and vulnerability perspectives. The study explores the impact of individual-level predictors and of perceived risk of terrorism on fear of terrorism through three complimentary multiple linear regression models on the basis of results of a web-based survey conducted in Spring semester of 2013 among 504 undergraduate and graduate students from Kent State University between the ages of 19–36, directly following the Boston Marathon Bombings. The study concludes that perceived risk of terrorism on future attacks is a robust indicator of fear of terrorism and the influence of individual-level predictors of fear of crime literature, media exposure, and indirect victimization should not be underestimated.
The study evaluated the impacts of
Mycorrhiza
(Bio1)
, Azotobacter
(Bio2)
,
and
Trichoderma
(Bio3) on the grown, fresh-dry herb yield, biological activity, essential oil productivity, and quality of ...basil. A reduced application of chemical fertilizer plus
Trichoderma, Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza,
inoculant alone bio-fertilizers, combined with the bio-organic fertilizers, with using the 100% rate of the conventional chemical fertilizer and control. The results showed that the application with the inoculant alone or combined with the bio-organic fertilizers increased the herb yield and biological activities. The maximum content of methyl chavicol, geranial and citral was obtained fertilized with Bio1 + Bio2 + Bio3, 50% IO + Bio3, 50% IO + Bio2. Especially, application of Bio1 + Bio2 fertilizer has great potential for improving antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Thus, the results suggest that the application of bio-fertilizers could be employed in combination with the appropriate rates of chemical fertilizers to get maximum benefits regarding herb yield, biological activity and essential oil component.
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) can induce cell damage and cell death through the reactive oxygen species generated by radiolytic hydrolysis. The present study was aimed to determine the possible ...protective effects of quercetin, a well-known antioxidant agent, against IR-induced bladder and kidney damage in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 8-Gy whole-abdominal IR and given either vehicle or quercetin (20 mg/kg, ip). Rats were decapitated at either 36 h or 10 days following IR, where quercetin or vehicle injections were repeated once daily, and kidney and bladder samples were obtained for the determination of myeloperoxidase and caspase-3 activities, an index of tissue neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis, respectively. Radiation-induced inflammation was evaluated through tissue cytokine, TNF-α levels. In order to examine oxidative DNA damage, tissue 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were measured. All tissues were also examined microscopically. In the saline-treated irradiation groups, myeloperoxidase and caspase-3 activities, 8-OHdG and TNF-α levels were found to be increased in both tissues (p < 0.05). In the quercetin-treated-IR groups, all these oxidant responses were prevented significantly (p < 0.05). The present data demonstrate that quercetin, through its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, attenuates irradiation-induced oxidative organ injury, suggesting that quercetin may have a potential benefit in radiotherapy by minimizing the adverse effects and will improve patient care.
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is an ideal method for the diagnosis of autosomal recessive diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic power of WES in patients with autosomal ...recessive inheritance and to determine the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Retrospective screenings of 24 patients analysed with WES were performed and clinical and genetic data were evaluated. Any pathogenic mutation that could explain the suspected disease in 4 patients was not identified. A homozygous pathogenic mutation was detected in 18 patients. 2 patients had heterozygous mutations. According to this study results, WES is a successful technique to be used at the stage of diagnosis in patients who are accompanied by various degrees of intellectual disability matching the inheritance of the autosomal recessive.
The plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics and safety of cefquinome, a 2‐amino‐5‐thiazolyl cephalosporin, were determined after multiple intravenous administrations in sixteen healthy horses. ...Cefquinome was administered to each horse through a slow i.v. injection over 20 min at 1, 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg (n = 4 horses per dose) every 12 h for 7 days (a total of 13 injections). Serial blood and synovial fluid samples were collected during the 12 h after the administration of the first and last doses and were analyzed by a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. The data were evaluated using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses. The estimated plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with the hypothetical minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (0.125–2 μg/mL). The plasma and synovial fluid concentrations and area under the concentration–time curves (AUC) of cefquinome showed a dose‐dependent increase. After a first dose of cefquinome, the ranges for the mean plasma half‐life values (2.30–2.41 h), the mean residence time (1.77–2.25 h), the systemic clearance (158–241 mL/h/kg), and the volume of distribution at steady‐state (355–431 mL/kg) were consistent across dose levels and similar to those observed after multiple doses. Cefquinome did not accumulate after multiple doses. Cefquinome penetrated the synovial fluid with AUCsynovial fluid/AUCplasma ratios ranging from 0.57 to 1.37 after first and thirteenth doses, respectively. Cefquinome is well tolerated, with no adverse effects. The percentage of time for which the plasma concentrations were above the MIC was >45% for bacteria, with MIC values of ≤0.25, ≤0.5, and ≤1 μg/mL after the administration of 1, 2, and 4 or 6 mg/kg doses of CFQ at 12‐h intervals, respectively. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage regimes in critically ill patients.
The 17β-estradiol plays a role in physiology of pancreas and may protect it from inflammation. To examine the possible anti-inflammatory effects of 17β-estadiol in pancreaticobiliary duct ligated ...(PBDL) acute pancreatitis (AP) model, and the underlying mechanism that 17β-estradiol acts on, via evaluating the direct and the receptor related effects by using 17β-estradiol, ER-α and -β agonists. In the study both sexes of rats (n = 88) were used. Animals were divided into two groups as PBDL and PBDL + ovariectomized. ER-α agonist propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT; 1 mg/kg/day), ER-β agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN; 1 mg/kg/day) and 17β-estradiol (10 mg/kg/day) were administered to the groups for 3 days following AP induction. On the 3
day, lung and pancreas tissues and serum samples were taken for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interleukin (IL) assays, and histological analyses. In both tissues of male and female AP groups MPO, MDA, SOD levels were increased (P < 0.05 - 0.01) and GSH levels were decreased (P < 0.05). Pancreas and lung MDA and SOD levels were improved with all treatments in female, except lung MDA levels of PPT-treated ones, while lung MDA and SOD levels were improved by PPT and 17β-estradiol in females and via PPT in males (P < 0.05 - 0.001). The increased MPO levels were inhibited with PPT in male pancreas and female lung and with 17β-estradiol in female pancreas (P < 0.05). The increased pro-inflammatory ILs were declined by treatments (P < 0.05 - 0.001). 17β-estradiol and ER-α and -β agonists reduced oxidative pancreatic and pulmonary damage. Estrogen and agonists might have protective role in AP.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (CFQ) following single intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injections of 2 mg/kg body weight in red‐eared slider ...turtles. Plasma concentrations of CFQ were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography and analyzed using noncompartmental methods. The pharmacokinetic parameters following IV injection were as follows: elimination half‐life (t1/2λz) 21.73 ± 4.95 hr, volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vdss) 0.37 ± 0.11 L/kg, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) 163 ± 32 μg hr−1 ml−1, and total body clearance (ClT) 12.66 ± 2.51 ml hr−1 kg−1. The pharmacokinetic parameters after IM injection were as follows: peak plasma concentration (Cmax) 3.94 ± 0.84 μg/ml, time to peak concentration (Tmax) 3 hr, t1/2λz 26.90 ± 4.33 hr, and AUC0–∞ 145 ± 48 μg hr−1 ml−1. The bioavailability after IM injection was 88%. Data suggest that CFQ has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile with a long half‐life and a high bioavailability in red‐eared slider turtles. Further studies are needed to establish a multiple dosage regimen and evaluate clinical efficacy.
1. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of levofloxacin in turkeys were investigated after a single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral (PO) administration of 10 mg/kg body weight. 2. ...The concentrations of levofloxacin in plasma samples were assayed using a microbiological assay method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. 3. Following IV administration, the elimination half-life (t ₀.₅₍ᵦ₎), volume of distribution at steady state (Vd ₛₛ) and total body clearance (Cl) were 4.49 h, 1.31 l/kg and 0.23 l/h/kg, respectively. 4. After single IM and PO administrations at the same dose, levofloxacin was rapidly absorbed as indicated by an absorption half-life (t ₀.₅ₐb) of 1.02 and 0.76 h, respectively; maximum plasma concentrations (C ₘₐₓ) of 5.59 and 5.15 μg/ml were obtained at a maximum time (T ₘₐₓ) of 2 h for both routes and levofloxacin bioavailability (F) was 96.5 h and 79.9% respectively after IM and PO administration. In vitro plasma protein binding of levofloxacin was 24.3%. 5. Based on these pharmacokinetic parameters, a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight given intramuscularly or orally every 24 h in turkeys can maintain effective plasma concentrations with bacterial infections with (minimum inhibitory concentration) MIC ₉₀ > 0.1 μg/ml.
The pharmacokinetics of flunixin were determined after intravenous bolus injection at a single dose (2.2 mg/kg) in healthy rabbits and diseased rabbits with Escherichia coli ...lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. Six adult New Zealand White rabbits were used. Concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetics were best described by a two-compartment open model. In healthy rabbits, there was a high plasma clearance (0.62 L/(h kg)), and a relatively short elimination half-life (1.19 h). In endotoxaemic rabbits, total plasma clearance (0.43 L/(h kg)) was significantly lower (p<0.05), and elimination half-life (1.90 h) and AUC₀-infinity (5.29 (μg h)/ml) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in healthy animals. The changes of pharmacokinetics of flunixin in rabbits with septic shock could be of clinical significance, and may require monitoring of plasma flunixin levels in endotoxaemic status.
Summary
The main goal of present study was to determine the effects of an Escherichia coli endotoxin‐induced endotoxaemic status on disposition of enrofloxacin after a single intravenous dose (5 ...mg/kg) in rabbits. Septic shock was induced by the i.v. bolus administration at a single dose of E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Six adult New Zealand White rabbits were used. Concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by HPLC. The plasma pharmacokinetic values for enrofloxacin were best represented using a two‐compartment open model. Total plasma clearance (ClT) decreased from 2.11 (l/h/kg) in healthy animals to 1.50 (l/h/kg) in rabbits with septic shock, which is related to an increase in the AUC0→∞. In endotoxaemic rabbits, volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss = 3.61 l/kg) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in healthy animals (Vdss = 4.97 l/kg). However, the elimination half‐life of enrofloxacin was not affected by lipopolysaccharide administration.
