The paper presents the benefit of an optimized gate drive which can be achieved with a new generation of very low inductive 1200V, 400A SiC-MOSFET half bridge module and a new and adapted gate ...driver. After presenting the influence of the dead time to the static and dynamic losses of SiC-MOSFET and internal body diode a calculation of the possible output current versus frequency is performed. Finally the results are verified by calorimetrie measurements in a real inverter application.
We describe a
3
He magnetometer capable to measure high magnetic fields (
B
> 0.1 T) with a relative accuracy of better than 10
-12
. Our approach is based on the measurement of the free induction ...decay of gaseous, nuclear spin polarized
3
He following a resonant radio frequency pulse excitation. The measurement sensitivity can be attributed to the long coherent spin precession time T
2
∗
being of order minutes which is achieved for spherical sample cells in the regime of “motional narrowing” where the disturbing influence of field inhomogeneities is strongly suppressed. The
3
He gas is spin polarized in situ using a new, non-standard variant of the metastability exchange optical pumping. We show that miniaturization helps to increase T
2
∗
further and that the measurement sensitivity is not significantly affected by temporal field fluctuations of order 10
-4
.
High magnetic fields (> 1 T) are measured by NMR magnetometers with un-rivaled precision if the precessing spin sample provides long coherence times. The longest coherence times are found in diluted ...\({}^{3}\)He samples, which can be hyperpolarized for sufficient signal strength. In order to have minimal influence on the homogeneity and value of the measured magnetic field the optimal container for the \({}^{3}\)He should be a perfect sphere. A fused silica sphere with an inner diameter of 8 mm and an outer diameter of 12 mm was made from two hemispheres by diffusion bonding leaving only a small hole for cleaning and evacuation. This hole was closed in vacuum by a CO\({}_{2}\) laser and the inner volume was filled with a few mbars of \({}^3\)He via wall permeation. NMR-measurements on such a sample had coherence times of 5 min. While the hemispheres were produced with < 1 \(\mu\)m deviation from sphericity, the bonding left a step of ca. 50 \(\mu\)m at maximum. The influence of such a mismatch, its orientation and materials in the direct vicinity of the sample are analyzed by FEM-simulations and discussed in view of coherence times and absolute fields.
The exponential increase in algorithm-based mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) for melanoma screening is a reaction to a growing market. However, the performance of available apps remains to ...be investigated. In this prospective study, we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of a class 1 CE-certified smartphone app in melanoma risk stratification and its patient and dermatologist satisfaction. Pigmented skin lesions ≥ 3 mm and any suspicious smaller lesions were assessed by the smartphone app SkinVision® (SkinVision® B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, App-Version 6.8.1), 2D FotoFinder ATBM® master (FotoFinder ATBM® Systems GmbH, Bad Birnbach, Germany, Version 3.3.1.0), 3D Vectra® WB360 (Canfield Scientific, Parsippany, NJ, USA, Version 4.7.1) total body photography (TBP) devices, and dermatologists. The high-risk score of the smartphone app was compared with the two gold standards: histological diagnosis, or if not available, the combination of dermatologists’, 2D and 3D risk assessments. A total of 1204 lesions among 114 patients (mean age 59 years; 51% females (55 patients at high-risk for developing a melanoma, 59 melanoma patients)) were included. The smartphone app’s sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) varied between 41.3–83.3%, 60.0–82.9%, and 0.62–0.72% according to two study-defined reference standards. Additionally, all patients and dermatologists completed a newly created questionnaire for preference and trust of screening type. The smartphone app was rated as trustworthy by 36% (20/55) of patients at high-risk for melanoma, 49% (29/59) of melanoma patients, and 8.8% (10/114) of dermatologists. Most of the patients rated the 2D TBP imaging (93% (51/55) resp. 88% (52/59)) and the 3D TBP imaging (91% (50/55) resp. 90% (53/59)) as trustworthy. A skin cancer screening by combination of dermatologist and smartphone app was favored by only 1.8% (1/55) resp. 3.4% (2/59) of the patients; no patient preferred an assessment by a smartphone app alone. The diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice was not as reliable as previously advertised and the satisfaction with smartphone apps for melanoma risk stratification was scarce. MHealth apps might be a potential medium to increase awareness for melanoma screening in the lay population, but healthcare professionals and users should be alerted to the potential harm of over-detection and poor performance. In conclusion, we suggest further robust evidence-based evaluation before including market-approved apps in self-examination for public health benefits.
Before and after: Crystal structures of the DNA (6‐4) photolyase from D. melanogaster—one structure in complex with DNA containing a (6‐4) lesion (see picture) and one in which the lesion has been ...repaired—provide new insight into lesion recognition and repair. The proposed mechanism for light‐induced, electron‐transfer‐based repair of the (6‐4) lesion does not proceed via an oxetane intermediate.
Background
Psoriasis is a disease that often requires prolonged systemic treatment. It is important to determine the safety of available therapies. There is currently little insight into sex‐specific ...differences in the safety of systemic psoriasis therapies.
Objectives
To examine the real‐world, long‐term safety of systemic psoriasis therapies with sex stratification in drug‐related adverse events (ADRs).
Methods
Ten‐year data from adults with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis requiring systemic treatment (conventional systemic therapies CST, biologics) were obtained from the Swiss psoriasis registry (SDNTT). ADRs were categorized according to the international terminology Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). Safety was assessed by calculating event rates per 100 patient‐years (PY). We used descriptive statistics for patient and disease characteristics, and binomial and t‐tests to compare treatment groups and sex.
Results
In total, 791 patients (290 females) were included with a mean age of 46 years. 358 (45%) received CSTs and 433 (55%) biologics; both groups had similar baseline characteristics except for more joint involvement in patients using biologics (26.86% vs. 14.8%, p < 0.0001). CSTs were associated with a 2.2‐fold higher ADR rate (40.43/100 PY vs. 18.22/100 PY, p < 0.0001) and an 8.0‐fold higher drug‐related discontinuation rate than biologics (0.16/PY vs. 0.02/PY, p < 0.0001). Trends showed non‐significant higher serious adverse event rates per 100 PY for biologics (8.19, CI 6.87–9.68) compared to CSTs (7.08, CI 5.39–9.13) (p = 0.3922). Sex stratification revealed a significantly higher overall ADR rate for all treatments in females (1.8‐fold for CSTs 57.30/100 PY vs. 31.69/100 PY and 2.0‐fold for biologics 27.36/100 PY vs. 13.9/100 PY, p < 0.0001), and drug‐related discontinuation rates for most CSTs in females.
Conclusion
Females were associated with a significantly higher rate of ADRs and drug‐related discontinuation rates. Sex stratification should be taken into consideration when designing studies in the patient‐tailored management of psoriasis.
There are currently limited insights into the progression of human primary humoral immunity despite numerous studies in experimental models. In this study, we analyzed a primary and related secondary ...parenteral keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization in five human adults. The primary challenge elicited discordant KLH-specific serum and blood effector B cell responses (i.e., dominant serum KLH-specific IgG and IgM levels versus dominant KLH-specific IgA plasmablast frequencies). Single-cell IgH sequencing revealed early appearance of highly (>15 mutations) mutated circulating KLH-specific plasmablasts 2 wk after primary KLH immunization, with simultaneous KLH-specific plasmablasts carrying non- and low-mutated IgH sequences. The data suggest that the highly mutated cells might originate from cross-reactive memory B cells (mBCs) rather than from the naive B cell repertoire, consistent with previous reported mutation rates and the presence of KLH-reactive mBCs in naive vaccinees prior to immunization. Whereas upon secondary immunization, serum Ab response kinetics and plasmablast mutation loads suggested the exclusive reactivation of KLH-specific mBCs, we, however, detected only little clonal overlap between the peripheral KLH-specific secondary plasmablast IgH repertoire and the primary plasmablast and mBC repertoire, respectively. Our data provide novel mechanistic insights into human humoral immune responses and suggest that primary KLH immunization recruits both naive B cells and cross-reactive mBCs, whereas secondary challenge exclusively recruits from a memory repertoire, with little clonal overlap with the primary response.
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