•MOF-derived porous carbon have large surface area and customizability;•We review the preparation methods for MOFs-derived porous carbon;•Research progress on adsorption of organic/inorganic ...pollutants were reviewed;•Factors affecting the adsorption of MOFs-derived porous carbon were discussed;•Challenges and development prospects of MOFs-derived carbon are outlooked;
In recent years, metal–organic framework materials (MOFs) have been widely used in adsorption, separation, storage, and transportation due to their advantages of adjustable composition, diverse structures, and controllable pore size. MOF-derived porous carbon materials inherit the advantages of MOFs of the large surface area, high porosity, and customizability, that can be applied to the adsorption of the pollutants in the environment. In this study, we review the preparation methods commonly used to synthesize MOFs-derived porous carbon adsorbents in recent years, as well as the research progress on the adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants in the liquid phase, and discuss the factors affecting the adsorption property of MOF-derived carbon. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of MOFs-derived porous carbon in the field of adsorption are discussed.
Plastic debris becomes currently a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and is susceptible to contamination by many other pollutants, including aqueous metals and organic matter. This review summarizes ...the effects of environmental factors on the properties and sorption behavior of microplastics, presents a further discussion on the fate of microplastics adsorption on contaminants, and critically discusses the mechanism of sorption behaviors between micro/nanoplastics and normal contaminants. Previous references indicated that the hydrophobicity and particle sizes of microplastics were the dominant influence factors for virgin plastic debris adsorption, whereas for aged microplastics, hydrogen bonding, hydrophilicity and increasing specific surface ratio affected the adsorption behavior. The effects of pH and salinity always influence the sorption conditions by changing the charge state of microplastics and contaminants and causing competing adsorption. In addition, the existence of microplastics affects biotoxicity, increases the dissolved organic matter in the environment, and influences carbon cycling. The knowledge is fundamental to the assessment of potential risks posed by microplastics to organisms from human beings to the entire environment.
This review summarizes the effects of environmental factors on the properties and sorption behavior of microplastics, presents a further discussion on the fate of microplastics adsorption on contaminants, and critically discusses the mechanism of sorption behaviors between micro/nanoplastics and normal contaminants. Display omitted
•Plastic debris is currently a ubiquitous environmental pollutant.•Microplastic is susceptible to contamination by metals and organic matter.•The sorption behavior of microplastics is deeply affected by its own properties.•The adsorption mechanism of diverse pollutants and micro-plastics is different.•This review is fundamental to the assessment of potential risks on microplastics.
ObjectiveTumour pathology contains rich information, including tissue structure and cell morphology, that reflects disease progression and patient survival. However, phenotypic information is subtle ...and complex, making the discovery of prognostic indicators from pathological images challenging.DesignAn interpretable, weakly supervised deep learning framework incorporating prior knowledge was proposed to analyse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explore new prognostic phenotypes on pathological whole-slide images (WSIs) from the Zhongshan cohort of 1125 HCC patients (2451 WSIs) and TCGA cohort of 320 HCC patients (320 WSIs). A ‘tumour risk score (TRS)’ was established to evaluate patient outcomes, and then risk activation mapping (RAM) was applied to visualise the pathological phenotypes of TRS. The multi-omics data of The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) HCC were used to assess the potential pathogenesis underlying TRS.ResultsSurvival analysis revealed that TRS was an independent prognosticator in both the Zhongshan cohort (p<0.0001) and TCGA cohort (p=0.0003). The predictive ability of TRS was superior to and independent of clinical staging systems, and TRS could evenly stratify patients into up to five groups with significantly different prognoses. Notably, sinusoidal capillarisation, prominent nucleoli and karyotheca, the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and infiltrating inflammatory cells were identified as the main underlying features of TRS. The multi-omics data of TCGA HCC hint at the relevance of TRS to tumour immune infiltration and genetic alterations such as the FAT3 and RYR2 mutations.ConclusionOur deep learning framework is an effective and labour-saving method for decoding pathological images, providing a valuable means for HCC risk stratification and precise patient treatment.
An environmentally benign and efficient hydrothermal reduction method was applied for the preparation of three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene hydrogel (GH) adsorbents. The physicochemical ...properties of GH granules were systematically characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. GH granules showed an excellent adsorption capacity (235.6 mg/g) for ciprofloxacin via combined adsorption interaction mechanisms (e.g. π-π EDA interaction, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interaction). Moreover, reducing the size of the hydrogels can significantly accelerate the adsorption process and enhance the removal efficiency of pollutants from aqueous solution. Water (more than 99 wt%) within hydrogels played a key role in enhancing adsorption performance. The GO hydrogels exhibited an excellent adaptability to environmental factors. These findings demonstrate that GH granules are promising adsorbents for the removal of antibiotic pollutants from aqueous solutions.
Gibberellic acid (GA3), one of the most plant growth stimulator, is widely applied in agricultural regions and in beer industry. However, GA3 residue remained in soil and water can cause toxicity to ...all organisms. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of GA3-induced hepatic injury in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). We found that GA3 exposure caused oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and apoptosis. The gibel carp exposed to GA3 exhibited significant alteration in erythrocyte nuclei. GA3 induced liver damage, as indicated by increasing the aminopherase activities. GA3 led to oxidative stress by increasing malondialdehyde content and decreasing the activities of CAT and GPx. GA3 stimulated ERS and increased the expression of grp78, perk, eif2s1α, chop, atf4, ire1α, xbp1, and atf6. Additionally, GA3 down-regulated the level of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and up-regulated the levels of pro-apoptotic genes bax and caspase-3. Overall results demonstrated that GA3 caused hepatic injury in gibel carp by increasing oxidative stress, ERS, and apoptosis.
Graphene oxide was encapsulated into environmentally benign sodium alginate to prepare composite hydrogel beads, and then used as adsorbents to remove ciprofloxacin. Display omitted
Graphene oxide ...(GO) was encapsulated into environmentally benign sodium alginate (SA) to prepare a GO-SA composite hydrogel and an aerogel, which were then used as adsorbents to remove ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions. The characteristics of these materials were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterizations demonstrated that the incorporation of GO improved the pore uniformity of the gels and decreased the pore sizes. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption capacity of SA composite gels increased approximately seven to nine times after the incorporation of GO, matching with pseudo-second-order models. Non-linear fitting parameters of adsorption isotherm studies indicated that a Langmuir model could precisely represent the adsorption behavior. GO-SA aerogels exhibited high tolerance to changes in pH and ionic strength; changes in these parameters minimally influenced the adsorption capacity of the GO-SA aerogels for ciprofloxacin. This work is especially relevant for environmental applications. These graphene-based composites are environmentally benign adsorbents and can remove organic contaminants from aqueous solutions.
Innate immunity is an indispensable arm of tumor immune surveillance, and the liver is an organ with a predominance of innate immunity, where mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched. ...However, little is known about the phenotype, functions, and immunomodulatory role of MAIT cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
The distribution, phenotype, and function of MAIT cells in patients with HCC were evaluated by both flow cytometry (FCM) and
bioassays. Transcriptomic analysis of MAIT cells was also performed. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells was validated in four independent cohorts of patients with HCC.
Despite their fewer densities in HCC tumor than normal liver, MAIT cells were significantly enriched in the HCC microenvironment compared with other mucosa-associated organs. Tumor-derived MAIT cells displayed a typical CCR7
CD45RA
CD45RO
CD95
effector memory phenotype with lower costimulatory and effector capabilities. Tumor-educated MAIT cells significantly upregulated inhibitory molecules like PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, secreted significantly less IFNγ and IL17, and produced minimal granzyme B and perforin while shifting to produce tumor-promoting cytokines like IL8. Transcriptome sequencing confirmed that tumor-derived MAIT cells were reprogrammed toward a tumor-promoting direction by downregulating genes enriched in pathways of cytokine secretion and cytolysis effector function like
and
and by upregulating genes like
, and
(
). High infiltration of MAIT cells in HCC significantly correlated with an unfavorable clinical outcome, revealed by FCM, qRT-PCR, and multiplex IHC analyses, respectively.
HCC-infiltrating MAIT cells were functionally impaired and even reprogrammed to shift away from antitumor immunity and toward a tumor-promoting direction.
.
Virgin microplastics undergo aging and form oxygen-containing functional groups when they enter the environment. Therefore, the sorption of organic pollutants onto microplastics is not limited to ...hydrophobic organic pollutants and can also occur with hydrophilic organic pollutants. Therefore, understanding the sorption behaviors and mechanism between aged microplastics and hydrophilic organic pollutants is essential for evaluating the real effects of microplastics in the environment. We investigated the impacts of the UV-accelerated aging of polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) on their sorption interactions with ciprofloxacin (CIP). The results of infrared spectroscopy (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed significant surface oxidation and localized microcracks on the aged microplastics. The sorption kinetics and isotherms models indicated that the sorption capacity of aged microplastics is higher than that of pristine microplastics, and their physical interactions, including partitioning, electrostatic interactions, and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, were the dominant mechanism, as demonstrated by FTIR analysis. Moreover, the sorption capacity of the pristine microplastics decreased as the degree of crystallinity increased, whereas the opposite trend was observed with aged microplastics, which means that the crystallinity is not the controlling factor. In addition, salinity suppressed adsorption on all the tested microplastics. The pH influences the electrostatic attraction between the microplastics and CIP because CIP has a different charge at different pH values. The results presented herein confirm the importance of studying the adsorption between hydrophilic organic pollutants and aged microplastics because ultimately, all microplastics become aged. Moreover, the effects of aged microplastics with adsorbed hydrophilic chemicals on organisms need to be further studied.
Display omitted The sorption behaviors and mechanism between aged microplastics and hydrophilic organic pollutants is discussed for evaluating the real effects of microplastics in the environment.
•More oxygen-containing functional groups were found on aging microplastics.•Aged microplastics have high sorption capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants.•Increasing NaCl concentration decreased the adsorption of HOP on microplastics.•Adsorption mechanism were proposed for CIP adsorption on aged microplastics.
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•Aquatic environments have witnessed high concentrations of microplastics.•Various aquatic organisms could accumulate microplastics.•Microplastics may adversely affect aquatic ...organisms of different trophic levels.•Combined effects of microplastics and other pollutants have been reported.
Microplastics, whether originating directly from industrial and household products or from the degradation of larger plastics, are currently of intense global concern. These particles are present in aquatic environments in high concentrations and may adversely affect aquatic organisms. An additional concern is the ability of microplastics to adsorb inorganic and organic pollutants and subsequently liberate them into marine and freshwater systems. In this review, we report on the occurrence and abundance of microplastics in the global aquatic environment. We then consider the accumulation (uptake, distribution, and elimination) of microplastics in aquatic organisms and the important factors that lead to bioaccumulation. The effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms of different trophic levels are also discussed. Several studies have shown that the size, shape, and surface physicochemical characteristics of microplastics are essential determinants of their biological effects. Finally, we examine the combined effects of microplastics and other pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals. Our review concludes by suggesting future lines of research based on the remaining knowledge gaps in microplastic research.
Microplastic (MP) pollution is a significant environmental concern due to the persistence of MPs and their potential adverse effects on biota. Most scientific studies have examined the distribution, ...ingestion, fate, behavior, amount, and effect of MPs. However, few studies have described the development of methods for the removal and remediation of MPs. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the recent literature regarding the microbial-mediated degradation of MPs and discuss the associated degradation characteristics and mechanisms. Different types and combinations of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, bacterial consortia, and biofilms, that can degrade different MPs are categorized. This article summarizes approximately 50 recent papers. Twelve and 6 papers reported that bacteria and fungi, respectively, can degrade MPs. Nine articles indicated that bacterial consortia have the ability to degrade MPs, and 6 articles found that biofilms can also utilize MPs. Furthermore, to evaluate their associated degradation effects, the corresponding structural changes (i.e., macro size, surface morphology, and functional groups) in MPs after microbial degradation are examined. In addition, MP biodegradation is affected by microbial characteristics and environmental factors; therefore, the environmental factors (i.e., temperature, pH and strain activity) influencing MP degradation and the associated degradation effects (i.e., weight loss, degradation rate, and molecular weight change) are generalized. Furthermore, the mechanisms associated with the microbial-mediated degradation of MPs are briefly discussed. Finally, prospects for the degradation of MPs using microbes and future research directions are envisioned. This review provides the first systematic summary of the microbial-mediated degradation of MPs and provides a reference for future studies investigating effective means of MP pollution control.
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•There are few studies on the MPs removal and remediation.•Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and biofilms can degrade MPs.•MP biodegradation is affected by microbial characteristics and environmental factors.•Microbial degradation process of MPs involves multiple biochemical reactions.•It is necessary to develop functional microbial agents to achieve the reduction of MPs.
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