In recent years, cinematography and other digital content creators have been eagerly turning to Three-Dimensional (3D) imaging technology. The creators of movies, games, and augmented reality ...applications are aware of this technology's advantages, possibilities, and new means of expression. The development of electronic and IT technologies enables the achievement of a better and better quality of the recorded 3D image and many possibilities for its correction and modification in post-production. However, preparing a correct 3D image that does not cause perception problems for the viewer is still a complex and demanding task. Therefore, planning and then ensuring the correct parameters and quality of the recorded 3D video is essential. Despite better post-production techniques, fixing errors in a captured image can be difficult, time consuming, and sometimes impossible. The detection of errors typical for stereo vision related to the depth of the image (e.g., depth budget violation, stereoscopic window violation) during the recording allows for their correction already on the film set, e.g., by different scene layouts and/or different camera configurations. The paper presents a prototype of an independent, non-invasive diagnostic system that supports the film crew in the process of calibrating stereoscopic cameras, as well as analysing the 3D depth while working on a film set. The system acquires full HD video streams from professional cameras using Serial Digital Interface (SDI), synchronises them, and estimates and analyses the disparity map. Objective depth analysis using computer tools while recording scenes allows stereographers to immediately spot errors in the 3D image, primarily related to the violation of the viewing comfort zone. The paper also describes an efficient method of analysing a 3D video using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The main steps of the proposed solution are uncalibrated rectification and disparity map estimation. The algorithms selected and implemented for the needs of this system do not require knowledge of intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters. Thus, they can be used in non-cooperative environments, such as a film set, where the camera configuration often changes. Both of them are implemented with the use of a GPU to improve the data processing efficiency. The paper presents the evaluation results of the algorithms' accuracy, as well as the comparison of the performance of two implementations-with and without the GPU acceleration. The application of the described GPU-based method makes the system efficient and easy to use. The system can process a video stream with full HD resolution at a speed of several frames per second.
Advances in Infrared (IR) cameras, as well as hardware computational capabilities, contributed towards qualifying vision systems as reliable plasma diagnostics for nuclear fusion experiments. Robust ...autonomous machine protection and plasma control during operation require real-time processing that might be facilitated by Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). One of the current aims of image plasma diagnostics involves thermal events detection and analysis with thermal imaging. The paper investigates the suitability of the NVIDIA Jetson TX2 Tegra-based embedded platform for real-time thermal events detection. Development of real-time processing algorithms on an embedded System-on-a-Chip (SoC) requires additional effort due to the constrained resources, yet low-power consumption enables embedded GPUs to be applied in MicroTCA.4 computing architecture that is prevalent in nuclear fusion projects. For this purpose, the authors have proposed, developed and optimised GPU-accelerated algorithms with the use of available software tools for NVIDIA Tegra systems. Furthermore, the implemented algorithms are evaluated and benchmarked on Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator experimental data against the corresponding alternative Central Processing Unit (CPU) implementations. Considerable improvement is observed for the accelerated algorithms that enable real-time detection on the embedded SoC platform, yet some encountered limitations when developing parallel image processing routines are described and signified.
An electro-optic detector is one of the diagnostic setups used in particle accelerators. It employs an electro-optic crystal to encode the longitudinal beam charge profile in the spectrum of a light ...pulse. The charge distribution is then reconstructed using data captured by a fast spectrometer. The measurement repetition rate should match or exceed the machine bunching frequency, which is often in the range of several MHz. A high-speed optical line detector (HOLD) is a linear camera designed for easy integration with scientific experiments. The use of modern FPGA circuits helps in the efficient collection and processing of data. The solution is based on Xilinx 7-Series FPGA circuits and implements a custom latency-optimized architecture utilizing the AXI4 family of interfaces. HOLD is one of the fastest line cameras in the world. Thanks to its hardware architecture and a powerful KALYPSO sensor from KIT, it outperforms the fastest comparable commercial devices.
Machine protection is a core task of real-time image diagnostics aiming for steady-state operation in nuclear fusion devices. The paper evaluates the applicability of the newest low-power NVIDIA ...Jetson Xavier NX platform for image plasma diagnostics. This embedded NVIDIA Tegra System-on-a-Chip (SoC) integrates a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip. The hardware differences and features compared to the previous NVIDIA Jetson TX2 are signified. Implemented algorithms detect thermal events in real-time, utilising the high parallelism provided by the embedded General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU). The performance and accuracy are evaluated on the experimental data from the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. Strike-line and reflection events are primarily investigated, yet benchmarks for overload hotspots, surface layers and visualisation algorithms are also included. Their detection might allow for automating real-time risk evaluation incorporated in the divertor protection system in W7-X. For the first time, the paper demonstrates the feasibility of complex real-time image processing in nuclear fusion applications on low-power embedded devices. Moreover, GPU-accelerated reference processing pipelines yielding higher accuracy compared to the literature results are proposed, and remarkable performance improvement resulting from the upgrade to the Xavier NX platform is attained.
Archives and IT systems in public administration. Introduction to the issue The subject of ICT systems currently in use in public administration units in Poland is incredibly extensive. On the one ...hand, it can be considered in the formal and legal context and on the other from a strictly technical point of view, related to the architecture or structure of applications, as well as software and hardware solutions used in them. The author has made an attempt to analyse issues related to the functioning of ICT systems, paying particular attention to domain-specific systems implemented in public administration units. The main matter under consideration are legal regulations concerning the essence of ICT systems, as well as handling electronic documentation stored in them. Domain-specific systems are independent ICT systems developed to provide services for a specific area of activity of a given institution, intended for carrying out strictly defined and specialised tasks. Such systems should make it possible to carry out all activities arising from legal provisions which concern the processing of data or compiling and storing documentation, which is managed in a way that reflects the whole decision-making process. The author made an attempt to present the most important issues related to the functioning of such ICT systems in public administration units in Poland. The article discusses legal regulations concerning such systems (and the way in which they are presented in applicable office and archive provisions), attempts to systematise and classify them and characterises their structure and basic tasks. The article presents issues of utmost importance from the point of view of state archives, related to the possibility of taking over archive materials. Attention was drawn not only to formal, legal or technical possibilities, but also organizational ones. The author characterises the manner and methods which can be used to judge the value of documentation coming from such systems. The author pointed out the most important research areas which concern the discussed issues: the place of domain-specific systems in modern offices and in electronic office administration, storing and securing electronic documents and shaping national archival resources. Nowadays, when we are dealing with a dynamic growth of various types of ICT systems, it is extremely important to protect documentation of a historical value, compiled in such systems.
Tematyka związana z systemami teleinformatycznymi, które funkcjonują obecnie w jednostkach administracji publicznej w Polsce, jest niezwykle rozległa. Z jednej strony można ją rozpatrywać w aspekcie ...formalno-prawnym, a z drugiej czysto technicznym – związanym z architekturą bądź budową samych aplikacji i zastosowanych w nich rozwiązaniach programistyczno-sprzętowych. Autor dokonał próby analizy zagadnień związanych z funkcjonowaniem systemów teleinformatycznych, kładąc szczególny nacisk na systemy dziedzinowe wdrażane w jednostkach administracji publicznej. Głównym przedmiotem rozważań są uregulowania prawne dotyczące istoty samych systemów teleinformatycznych, jak również postępowania z dokumentacją elektroniczną w nich gromadzoną. Systemy dziedzinowe to samodzielne i niezależne systemy teleinformatyczne stworzone do świadczenia usług dla określonego obszaru działalności danej instytucji, a przeznaczone do realizacji ściśle określonych, wyspecjalizowanych zadań. Powinny zapewnić realizację wszystkich czynności wynikających z przepisów prawa, odnoszących się do przetwarzanych danych oraz tworzonej i gromadzonej w nich dokumentacji zarządzanej w sposób odzwierciedlający cały proces podejmowania decyzji. Autor starał się przedstawić najważniejsze zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem takich systemów teleinformatycznych w jednostkach administracji publicznej działających w Polsce. Od uregulowań prawnych dotyczących tych systemów (sposób ich ujęcia w obowiązujących przepisach kancelaryjnych i archiwalnych), poprzez próbę systematyzacji i klasyfikacji, po charakterystykę ich budowy oraz podstawowych zadań, jakie wykonują. Przedstawiono kwestie niezwykle ważne z punktu widzenia archiwów państwowych, związane z przejmowaniem materiałów archiwalnych. Zwrócono uwagę nie tylko na możliwości formalno-prawne czy techniczne, ale również i organizacyjne. Scharakteryzowano także sposób i metody, które mogą zostać użyte podczas wartościowania dokumentacji pochodzącej z takich systemów. Wskazane zostały najważniejsze obszary badawcze, które dotyczą omawianej problematyki: miejsce systemów dziedzinowych we współczesnej kancelarii i biurowości elektronicznej, przechowywanie i zabezpieczenie dokumentów elektronicznych, kształtowanie narodowego zasobu archiwalnego. Współcześnie, gdy mamy do czynienia z dynamicznym rozwojem różnego rodzaju systemów teleinformatycznych, trwałe zabezpieczenie dokumentacji o wartości historycznej powstającej w takich systemach, jest kwestią niezwykle ważną.Archives and IT systems in public administration. Introduction to the issueThe subject of ICT systems currently in use in public administration units in Poland is incredibly extensive. On the one hand, it can be considered in the formal and legal context and on the other from a strictly technical point of view, related to the architecture or structure of applications, as well as software and hardware solutions used in them. The author has made an attempt to analyse issues related to the functioning of ICT systems, paying particular attention to domain-specific systems implemented in public administration units. The main matter under consideration are legal regulations concerning the essence of ICT systems, as well as handling electronic documentation stored in them. Domain-specific systems are independent ICT systems developed to provide services for a specific area of activity of a given institution, intended for carrying out strictly defined and specialised tasks. Such systems should make it possible to carry out all activities arising from legal provisions which concern the processing of data or compiling and storing documentation, which is managed in a way that reflects the whole decision-making process. The author made an attempt to present the most important issues related to the functioning of such ICT systems in public administration units in Poland. The article discusses legal regulations concerning such systems (and the way in which they are presented in applicable office and archive provisions), attempts to systematise and classify them and characterises their structure and basic tasks. The article presents issues of utmost importance from the point of view of state archives, related to the possibility of taking over archive materials. Attention was drawn not only to formal, legal or technical possibilities, but also organizational ones. The author characterises the manner and methods which can be used to judge the value of documentation coming from such systems. The author pointed out the most important research areas which concern the discussed issues: the place of domain-specific systems in modern offices and in electronic office administration, storing and securing electronic documents and shaping national archival resources. Nowadays, when we are dealing with a dynamic growth of various types of ICT systems, it is extremely important to protect documentation of a historical value, compiled in such systems.
DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATIONS REGARDING THE SYSTEM AND DUTIES OF LABOUR INSPECTION IN POLANDIn 2019, one hundred years have passed since the birth of labour inspection in Poland. From a historical point ...of view it is also possible to distinguish three main periods of development of regulations regarding the system and duties of this inspection: the interwar period, the communist period and the period of the Third Polish Republic. Taking into account the range of the influence of the social, economic and political conditions on the Polish legislation concerning the labour inspection, they can be divided into two groups. The first includes the conditions of the universal global character that reflect some general trends and processes. The second group has a local range. Its determinants refer to the specific conditions which are, in principle, characteristic only of the labour inspection in our country.
Contemporary infrared imaging systems in thermonuclear fusion devices are preventing thermal overloads on plasma-facing components (PFCs) relying on the surface temperature. Automatic delineation and ...classification of thermal events would facilitate scene understanding, contributing to advanced machine protection, control, and physics exploration applications. However, the absence of image annotations, which require a significant amount of expert labor and are prone to inconsistencies, limits the use of deep learning computer vision methods in fusion devices. A semi-automatic annotation method based on deterministic infrared image processing is proposed to reduce annotation efforts while maintaining consistency. The method exploits discharge sequence properties to minimize expert involvement. It was evaluated on infrared images from the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator by comparing the generated annotation with manually prepared ground-truth annotations. The generated annotations have a high mean similarity to the manual annotations, measured with (), equal to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{0.825}</tex-math> </inline-formula> with a sample standard deviation of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{0.030}</tex-math> </inline-formula>. Furthermore, a customized metric temperature over limit weighted SDC (tlwSDC), which weighs pixel severity based on the surface temperature relative to the PFC temperature limit, is proposed, and this mean similarity is equal to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{0.904}</tex-math> </inline-formula> with a sample standard deviation of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{0.018}</tex-math> </inline-formula>. Encouraging results for an infrared image from the W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak (WEST) tokamak indicate that the method might be cross-device viable. The proposed semi-automatic method enabled the generation of an annotated image dataset and, consequently, the training of the first W7-X instance segmentation model.
A new Infrared (IR) image analysis system will be deployed for real-time divertor protection during the upcoming Operational Phase (OP) 2.1 in the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. Its primary ...objective is to prevent thermal overloads from permanently damaging Plasma-Facing Components (PFCs), resulting in machine downtimes and repair costs. The real-time constraint for this system is 110ms, which is the maximum allowed delay entailing the acquisition, calibration, processing, and interlock, while all processing steps have to complete within 10ms allowing for processing longer than the acquisition time of 10ms at 100Hz. This paper describes the implementation, real-time processing performance and detection effectiveness of Thermal Overload Detection (TOD). The implemented and evaluated TOD system fulfils real-time constraints. It reduces the total system delay to 50ms and provides high detection sensitivity of 0.97 for archived discharge sequences from the OP1.2 campaign. The attained acceleration is significant, i.e., a 95% and 99% decrease in runtime for the sequential Central Processing Unit (CPU) and parallel Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) implementations, respectively, compared to the initial Python prototype. For the first time, the presented results confirm the feasibility of protecting W7-X in real-time comprising fundamentals for further advanced protection and control.
•The first real-time protection of the plasma-facing components in Wendelstein 7-X.•The primary OP2.1 system to provide safe operation with the water-cooled components.•Accelerated full-frame processing of high-resolution infrared images with GPU and CPU.•Highly sensitive overload prediction algorithm for effective machine protection.•Evaluation and analysis of the algorithm on the archived discharges from OP1.2.
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