SUMARIO: I. ANTECEDENTES. — II. CONSIDERACIONES: 1. EL HECHO IMPONIBLE. 2. LA VÍA PÚBLICA. 3. APROVECHAMIENTO ESPECIAL DE EMPRESA EXPLOTADORA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS. 4. PARTICULARIDADES DE LAS LÍNEAS ...ELÉCTRICAS DE ALTA TENSIÓN. 5. COMPETENCIA MUNICIPAL EN INSTALACIONES ELÉCTRICAS FUERA DEL CASCO URBANO. — III. LA REPERCUSIÓN FISCAL. — IV. CONCLUSIONES.
Road barrier effect is among the foremost negative impacts of roads on wildlife. Knowledge of the factors responsible for the road barrier effect is crucial to understand and predict species' ...responses to roads, and to improve mitigation measures in the context of management and conservation. We built a set of hypothesis aiming to infer the most probable cause of road barrier effect (traffic effect or road surface avoidance), while controlling for the potentially confounding effects road width, traffic volume and road age. The wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus was used as a model species of small and forest-dwelling mammals, which are more likely to be affected by gaps in cover such as those resulting from road construction. We confront genetic patterns from opposite and same roadsides from samples of three highways and used computer simulations to infer migration rates between opposite roadsides. Genetic patterns from 302 samples (ca. 100 per highway) suggest that the highway barrier effect for wood mouse is due to road surface avoidance. However, from the simulations we estimated a migration rate of about 5% between opposite roadsides, indicating that some limited gene flow across highways does occur. To reduce highway impact on population genetic diversity and structure, possible mitigation measures could include retrofitting of culverts and underpasses to increase their attractiveness and facilitate their use by wood mice and other species, and setting aside roadside strips without vegetation removal to facilitate establishment and dispersal of small mammals.
•We present a model of interlinked labour and marriage markets, both characterised by sequential search, where men are seen as breadwinners in the family. Two types of jobs exist – temporary and ...permanent.•Men’s reservation strategy in their labour market search results in two reservation wages - one for each type of job. Women’s reservation strategy in their marriage market search results in two distinct reservation wages: for men on temporary jobs and for men on permanent jobs, where the former is higher.•This generates equilibria with a positive marriage wage premium for all workers, but higher for temporary workers.•We successfully test our results using Spanish data. Linked to this, we also find that permanent employment is linked to higher wages among never married workers, but to lower wages among married employees.•We argue that the traditional arguments of specialisation and selection for a marriage wage premium predict the opposite results.
We present a model of interlinked labour and marriage markets, both characterised by sequential search, where men are seen as breadwinners in the family. Two types of jobs exist – temporary and permanent. Men’s reservation strategy in their labour market search results in two reservation wages - one for each type of job. Women’s reservation strategy in their marriage market search results in two distinct reservation wages: for men on temporary jobs and for men on permanent jobs, where the former is higher. This reflects a trade-off between husband’s wage and type of contract. This generates equilibria with a positive marriage wage premium for all workers, but higher for temporary workers. We successfully test our results using Spanish data. Linked to this, we also find that permanent employment is linked to higher wages among never married workers, but to lower wages among married employees. We argue that the traditional arguments of specialisation and selection for a marriage wage premium predict the opposite results.
Abstract Background Discrimination against Roma individuals is a prevalent issue across Europe, presenting significant socio‐economic challenges. Spain, holding the highest concentration of Roma in ...Western Europe, serves as a focal point for investigating such disparities. Objectives This study aims to explore the wage gap between the Roma and non‐Roma populations in Spain, assessing the extent to which this disparity may be attributed to potential discriminatory practices. The objective is to provide a detailed analysis of wage inequalities to inform more effective anti‐discrimination policies. Methods The analysis utilizes data from the 2018 Survey on Social Integration and Social Needs, employing statistical and econometric techniques. This approach helps in quantifying the wage gap and in examining the factors contributing to the observed disparities between the two groups. Results The findings indicate a substantial wage gap between the Roma and non‐Roma populations. Approximately 43.5 percent of the wage difference remains unexplained by the standard variables included in the econometric model, suggesting that factors beyond educational and professional qualifications might contribute to these inequalities. Conclusion The significant unexplained portion of the wage gap likely points to the existence of ethnic discrimination by employers. This study underscores the urgent need for nuanced, targeted anti‐discrimination interventions specifically designed for the Roma community in Spain. The results advocate for policy adjustments that address these disparities at their core, ensuring equity and social integration.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Delta variant breakthrough infections in nursing home residents following vaccination with Comirnaty® COVID‐19 vaccine were characterized. ...In total, 201 participants (median age, 87 years; range, 64–100; 133 female) from two nursing homes in the Valencian community (Spain) were included. SARS‐CoV‐2‐Spike (S) antibody responses were determined by a lateral flow immunocromatography (LFIC) assay and by quantitative electrochemiluminescent assay in LFIC‐negative participants. SARS‐CoV‐2‐S‐IFNγ T cells were enumerated by flow cytometry in 10 participants. Nasopharyngeal SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA loads were quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays. Vaccine breakthrough COVID‐19 due to the Delta variant occurred in 39 residents (median age, 87 years; range, 69–96; 31 female) at a median of 6.5 months after vaccination (nine requiring hospitalization). Breakthrough infections occurred at a higher rate (p < 0.0001) in residents who had not been previously infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 (naïve) (33/108; 18%) than in those with prior diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (experienced) (6/93; 6.4%), and were more likely (p < 0.0001) to develop in residents who tested negative by LFIC (20/49) at 3 months after vaccination as compared to their LFIC‐positive counterparts (19/142). Among LFIC‐negative residents, a trend towards lower plasma anti‐RBD antibody levels was noticed in those developing breakthrough infection (p = 0.16). SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA loads in nasopharyngeal specimens were lower in SARS‐CoV‐2‐experienced residents (p < 0.001) and in those testing positive by LFIC (p = 0.13). The frequency of SARS‐CoV‐2‐S‐reactive T cells at 3 months was similar in LFIC‐negative residents with (n = 7) or without (n = 3) breakthrough infection. Prior history of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and detection of S‐reactive antibodies by LFIC at 3 months is associated with a lower risk of Delta‐variant breakthrough infection in nursing home residents at midterm after Comirnaty® COVID‐19 vaccination.
Nowadays, many researchers are focusing on on-line condition monitoring of high-voltage insulated cable systems to prevent failures. With the aim of reducing the voltage induced in the cable sheaths, ...cross-bonding (CB) grounding cable systems are used in long distance power transmission land lines. This paper proposes a new criterion for the detection and localization of defects that might occur in the cable sheath when a CB configuration is adopted. The proposed criterion can be applied at different levels of load current. For the application of the criterion, the cable system under evaluation is modeled using the alternative transient program (ATP) software. Various practical cases were studied, showing the effectiveness of the criterion for the detection and localization of different types of defects in simulated cable systems. Furthermore, in order to validate the criteria adopted for the defect detection, based on the ATP model, a real defected case was evaluated. The results obtained proved that this criterion is suitable for the detection and localization of defects in the cable sheaths, when on-line measurements are performed in monitoring applications.
This study focuses on enhancing the surface properties of surgical titanium alloys (Ti–6Al–4V) to optimize their suitability for biomedical implant applications. Direct laser writing (DLW) was used ...to modify the titanium surface and facilitate the deposition of biohydroxyapatite (BHA) particles through wet deposition and the coalescence phenomenon. Four types of etching patterns were tested, resulting in biomimetic bone-like surfaces with microtextured features, exhibiting suitable hydrophilic characteristics for biomedical implants. The resulting surfaces were characterized structurally, morphologically, chemically, and in terms of wettability. X-ray diffraction was performed to validate the titanium alloy composition and determine the crystallite size of BHA particles, both before and after thermal treatment. Optical and electron microscopy results demonstrated that the etching pattern density directly impacts the distribution and anchoring of BHA particles, with denser patterns leading to better particle fixation. Dense etching patterns were found to reduce the wettability of Ti surfaces. However, after coating with BHA particles, the contact angle decreased, resulting in more wettable surfaces. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping revealed variations in elemental distribution across different samples, providing an elemental composition analysis that supports the findings from optical and electron microscopy. The effectiveness of BHA deposition is closely tied to the density and pattern of the surface texturization. Overall, this study presents a straightforward yet effective methodology to optimize the surface properties of titanium alloys, potentially enhancing their compatibility with biological tissues.
•BHA particles were successfully deposited on the modified Ti–6Al–4V surface using wet deposition.•Laser writing modifies titanium surfaces enhancing BHA anchoring via coalescence.•A biomimetic bone-like surface was achieved on the titanium alloy.•Microtextured surfaces with suitable hydrophilic characteristics for biomedical implants were achieved.
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