Morus alba is one of the most important cultivated crop in Indian sub-continent contributing towards production of silk fibre that carries economic importance worldwide. Post harvest preservation of ...M. alba leaves is a challenging factor as decrease in concentration of essential metabolites that needed for silk gland development takes place. Decrease in chlorophyll, protein, sugar concentration and increase in accumulation of free radicals and ROS takes place at post harvest stage of preservation, putting negative impact on larval development indicated by high mortality rate. Silver nitrate and nanosilver solution acts as an effective preservative, enhances the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants thereby reducing the harmful effect of accumulated free radicals and ROS. The effectiveness of nanosilver solution was found to be on the upper site without any significant difference than silver nitrate, as higher retention of primary metabolites like pigments, proteins, and sugar takes place. The impact of feeding nanosilver preserved leaves on silkworm was found on the positive trend as larval growth rate, cocoon weight, shell weight, effective rate of rearing was observed almost same to the larvae fed with fresh leaves.
Nanomaterials are practically used in every aspects of modern life, agriculture is one of them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bio-effectiveness of iron oxide and EDTA functionalized iron ...oxide nanoparticles as a nano-micronutrient fertilizer to replace traditional Fe-fertilizer. The responses of these fertilizers were evaluated on growth and development of mulberry (
Morus alba
L
.
) plants in a pot experiment. Iron oxide nanoparticles and its EDTA functionalized form had been applied in two different dosage (10 and 50 mg/kg soil) by both soil application and foliar spray. Applications of these green synthesized nanoparticles showed an increased influence on morpho-physiochemical attributes in treated plants. Iron oxide nanoparticles application at a rate of 10 mg/kg in soil significantly improved morphological traits like sprouting percentage, number of leaves (52.73% improved over control), plant biomass (37.20% and 90.24% increase of shoot and root biomass over control, respectively), root attributes (34% increment for root length) and also shortened the first leaf appearance period. The same treatment showed an improvement of 42% and 15% over control in case of chlorophyll and sugar content, respectively. Efficacy of antioxidant enzymes like CAT, POD and NOX were also found to be enhanced over control. Together, these results showed that our treated nanoparticles could replace traditional Fe-fertilizer in the cultivation and propagation of mulberry crop. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles and EDTA functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as a nano-micronutrient fertilizer on mulberry growth and yield.
Graphic Abstract
Abstract
Agro-researchers are endlessly trying to derive a potential biomolecule having antifungal properties in order to replace the application of synthetic fungicides on agricultural fields. Rot ...disease often caused by
Fusarium solani
made severe loss of wheat crops every year. Chitosan and its metallic nano-derivatives hold a broad-spectrum antifungal property. Our interdisciplinary study deals with the application of nickel chitosan nanoconjugate (NiCNC) against
Fusarium
rot of wheat, in comparison with chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) and commercial fungicide Mancozeb. CNPs and NiCNC were characterized on the basis of UV–Vis spectrophotometry, HR-TEM, FESEM, EDXS and FT-IR. Both CNPs and NiCNC were found effective against the fungal growth, of which NiCNC at 0.04 mg/mL showed complete termination of
F. solani
grown in suitable medium. Ultrastructural analysis of
F. solani
conidia treated with NiCNC revealed pronounced damages and disruption of the membrane surface. Fluorescence microscopic study revealed generation of oxidative stress in the fungal system upon NiCNC exposure. Moreover, NiCNC showed reduction in rot disease incidence by 83.33% of wheat seedlings which was further confirmed through the observation of anatomical sections of the stem. NiCNC application helps the seedling to overcome the adverse effect of pathogen, which was evaluated through stress indices attributes.
Increased blood glucose in diabetic individuals results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), causing various adverse effects on kidney cells, thereby leading to diabetic ...nephropathy (DN). In this study, the antiglycative potential of Swertiamarin (SM) isolated from the methanolic extract of E. littorale was explored. The effect of SM on protein glycation was studied by incubating bovine serum albumin with fructose at 60 °C in the presence and absence of different concentrations of swertiamarin for 24 h. For comparative analysis, metformin was also used at similar concentrations as SM. Further, to understand the role of SM in preventing DN, in vitro studies using NRK-52E cells were done by treating cells with methylglyoxal (MG) in the presence and absence of SM. SM showed better antiglycative potential as compared to metformin. In addition, SM could prevent the MG mediated pathogenesis in DN by reducing levels of argpyrimidine, oxidative stress and epithelial mesenchymal transition in kidney cells. SM also downregulated the expression of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. This study, for the first time, reports the antiglycative potential of SM and also provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which SM prevents toxicity of MG on rat kidney cells.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) poses a significant threat to human health, with excessive alcohol intake disrupting the immunotolerant environment of the liver and initiating a cascade of pathological ...events. This progressive disease unfolds through fat deposition, proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, activation of hepatic stellate cells, and eventual development of end-stage liver disease, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ALD is intricately intertwined with stress mechanisms such as oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis, culminating in increased inflammation. While the initial stages of ALD can be reversible with diligent care and abstinence, further progression necessitates alternative treatment approaches. Herbal medicines have shown promise, albeit limited by their poor water solubility and subsequent lack of extensive exploration. Consequently, researchers have embarked on a quest to overcome these challenges by delving into the potential of nanoparticle-mediated therapy. Nanoparticle-based treatments are being explored for liver diseases that share similar mechanisms with alcoholic liver disease. It underscores the potential of these innovative approaches to counteract the complex pathogenesis of ALD, providing new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Nevertheless, further investigations are imperative to fully unravel the therapeutic potential and unlock the promise of nanoparticle-mediated therapy specifically tailored for ALD treatment.
Alcohol-induced liver injury implicates inflammation and oxidative stress as important mediators. Despite rigorous research, there is still no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapies ...for any stage of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Interestingly, metformin (Met) and several probiotic strains possess the potential of inhibiting alcoholic liver injury. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of combination therapy using a mixture of eight strains of lactic acid-producing bacteria, commercialized as Visbiome® (V) and Met in preventing the ethanol-induced hepatic injury using in vitro and in vivo models. Human HepG2 cells and male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol and simultaneously treated with probiotic V or Met alone as well as in combination. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, inflammatory markers, lipid metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and oxidative stress were evaluated, using qRT-PCR, Oil red O staining, fluorimetry, and HPLC. In vitro, probiotic V and Met in combination prevented ethanol-induced cellular injury, ER stress, oxidative stress, and regulated lipid metabolism as well as inflammatory response in HepG2 cells. Probiotic V and Met also promoted macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype in ethanol-exposed RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In vivo, combined administration of probiotic V and Met ameliorated the histopathological changes, inflammatory response, hepatic markers (liver enzymes), and lipid metabolism induced by ethanol. It also improved the antioxidant markers (HO-1 and Nrf-2), as seen by their protein levels in both HepG2 cells as well as liver tissue using ELISA. Hence, probiotic V may act, in addition to the Met, as an effective preventive treatment against ethanol-induced hepatic injury.
Consumption of alcohol (ethanol) in various forms has been an integral part of human civilization. Since ages, it also has been an important cause of death and health impairment across the globe. ...Ethanol-mediated liver injury, known as alcoholic liver disease (ALD), is caused by surplus intake of alcohol. Several studies have proposed the different pathways that may be lead to ALD. One of the factors that may affect the cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) metabolic pathway is gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiota produces various compounds that play an important role in regulating healthy functions of distal organs such as the adipose tissue and liver. Dysbiosis causes bacteremia, hepatic encephalopathy, and increased intestinal permeability. Recent clinical studies have found better understanding of the gut and liver axis. Another factor that may affect the ALD pathway is dysfunction of adipose tissue metabolism. Moreover, dysfunction of adipose tissue leads to ectopic fat deposition within the liver and disturbs lipid metabolism by increasing lipolysis/decreasing lipogenesis and impaired glucose tolerance of adipose tissue which leads to ectopic fat deposition within the liver. Adipokine secretion of resistin, leptin, and adiponectin is adversely modified upon prolonged alcohol consumption. In the combination of these two factors, a proinflammatory state is developed within the patient leading to the progression of ALD. Thus, the therapeutic approach for treatments and prevention for liver cirrhosis patients must be focused on the gut-liver-adipose tissue network modification with the use of probiotics, synbiotics, and prebiotics. This review is aimed at the effect of ethanol on gut and adipose tissue in both rodent and human alcoholic models.
In recent years, the investigation of quick, efficient, and green method of metal nanoparticles synthesis has gained considerable importance in various dimensions of nanotechnology. But there are ...certain limitations to this emerging interest assize, morphology, and bioactivity of nanoparticles produced through green synthesis often varies greatly corresponding to the specific condition of metallic precursor and reducing agent. Current study intends to explore optimum condition like concentration of metallic precursor, plant extract (PLX), their volumetric ratio during biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) using aqueous extracts of mature tea leaves which is basically a waste product with no commercial importance and generally discarded after pruning of young leaves and buds. The study also deals with the characterization of nanoparticles synthesized at optimized condition, investigation of antimicrobial and antioxidant propensity of the same. The optimal reactant concentration for biosynthesis of FeNPs was claimed to be10 mM FeCl
3,
100 mg/mL plant extract and volumetric ratio of FeCl
3
:PLX = 10:1. The FeNPs obtained through this route had a spherical to irregular morphology with crystalline nature, average TEM and hydrodynamic size of 13.09 and 75.25 nm, respectively, having a zeta potential value of + 46.2 mV indicating strong stability. Synthesized FeNPs was found to be effective against wide range of soil microbes with highest activity against gram-negative bacteria (
Escherichia coli
) than gram-positive bacteria. Biosynthesized nanoparticles showed dose dependent antioxidant activity against all the tested parameters with highest against DPPH and least active against nitric oxide.
The purpose of the current study was to determine the appropriate genotype and concentration of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles effectual in preserving mulberry leaves at the postharvest stage. ...The preservative effect of silver nanoparticles was determined by their potentiality to prevent xylem blockage, chlorophyll content retention and inhibition of microbial proliferation within a preservative solution. For synthesizing silver nanoparticles, a blend of 10
−3
M silver nitrate and S1 genotype of the mulberry leaf was found to be most effective. Silver nanoparticles at 6 ppm were observed to be the least effective concentration for preserving mulberry leaves for at least 7 days at the postharvest stage, as evident from physical texture and retention of chlorophyll content. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed negative microbial count during the course of preservation as evident from no colony-forming unit (CFU) until the last day of preservation, while conventional preservative silver nitrate showed traces of CFU on a nutrient agar plate. Besides, these leaves preserved in nanosilver solution showed an almost negligible number of xylem blockage in the petiole, almost equivalent to the blockage nature of fresh leaves caused by the deposition of macromolecules like protein, lignin and suberin. Nanosilver- and silver nitrate–preserved leaves also displayed insignificant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and greater retention of membrane integrity than leaves preserved in normal distilled water. Nanosilver solution showed greater durability of preserving mulberry leaves than conventional floral preservative silver nitrate, useful for feeding silkworm larvae during the rainy season.
An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of graphene quantum dots (GQD) and its nanocomposites on germination, growth, biochemical, histological, and major ROS detoxifying antioxidant ...enzyme activities involved in salinity stress tolerance of wheat. Seedlings were grown on nutrient-free sand and treatment solutions were applied through solid matrix priming and by foliar spray. Control seedlings under salinity stress exhibited a reduction in photosynthetic pigment, sugar content, growth, increased electrolyte leakage, and lipid peroxidation, whereas iron-manganese nanocomposites doped GQD (FM_GQD) treated seedlings were well adapted and performed better compared to control. Enzymatic antioxidants like catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase and NADPH oxidase were noted to increase by 40.5, 103.2, 130.19, and 141.23% respectively by application of FM_GQD. Histological evidence confirmed a lower extent of lipid peroxidation and safeguarding the plasma membrane integrity through osmolyte accumulation and redox homeostasis. All of these interactive phenomena lead to an increment in wheat seedling growth by 28.06% through FM_GQD application. These findings highlight that micronutrient like iron, manganese doped GQD can be a promising nano-fertilizer for plant growth and this article will serve as a reference as it is the very first report regarding the ameliorative role of GQD in salt stress mitigation.
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