“Islam” (Submission to be a Muslim), “Faith”, and “Ihsan” (goodness) are the three main dimensions of worldly and other-worldly life. The evidence for this trinity is a hadith known as the hadith of ...Gabriel, which indicates that Islam implies outward deeds; faith denotes inward deeds, and Ihsan means observation. Accordingly, the faithful are Muslims and the people of Ihsan are Muslims and faithful. Although some Sufis have interpreted Islam and faith and sometimes Ihsan, Khwaja Yusuf Hamadani (1048-1140 AD) has a special view on these categories and is the first person who extensively included this trilogy in his two works; First, in Rotbat al-Hayat and then, in Al-kashf an Manazil al-Saerin elallah. Al-kashf (No. 438 Nafiz Pasha lib.) is the most detailed work of Khwaja Yusuf that has not been published yet. We tried to extract and examine his views based on a newly-found manuscript of this book. In this article, we have shown what a special view Khwaja Yusuf had on this trinity, and how he unprecedentedly explicated the trend of spiritual transcendence by man in these stages. From this perspective, man moves from the level of Islam to faith and then to Ihsan, and eventually, he reaches the stage of observation which Khwaja calls spiritual freedom and liberty.
In its path to Enlightenment, Europe saw its historical self-consciousness in breaking with its Christian tradition and the concept of autonomy. In the twentieth century, however, and in the wake of ...unprecedented historical crises, the claim to autonomy and enlightenment was challenged; as a result, Europe’s relationship with Christianity once again became the subject of scrutiny and investigation. Broadly speaking, two currents of thought emerged in response to this question. The first, was to construe this new historical situation as an extension of the old era, and thus proceeded with a questioning of all its assumptions and foundations. The second response construed the contemporary crisis wholly anew and characterized their time with a form of understanding that is capable of providing answers to life-long questions. Noting the limitations of both responses, this paper asks whether theism and humanism can be reconciled. In light of this question, we examine the concept of Messianism in Jewish philosophical thought in order to step beyond the current dichotomy and argue for a third response according to which the relationship of modernity to tradition is not antagonistic. In fact, messianic ideas generate critical force and constructive hope for the modern transformative thought.
Life-world, means the world as it is experienced and lived, is a concept that was first born in Husserl's phenomenology and later used in various fields. Alfred Schutz, the founder of ...phenomenological sociology, who sought to establish a theoretical basis for interpretive sociology, applied the concept to study of mental structures in everyday life and used it in sociology. The present article seeks to answer the question, what changes did life-world undergo in Schutz's thought. The result of this study shows that Schutz establishes a dialectical relationship between individual consciousness and life-world, in such a way that each constructs and influences the other. Unlike Husserl, who saw life-world as the only comprehensible reality, he referred to the multiple layers of reality and considered Husserl's term transcendence appropriate for rotation between these layers, while Husserl used “transcendence” only to awareness of another experience. In addition, Schutz does not consider transcendental phenomenology as a proper basis for the social sciences, and instead of the transcendental ego, he uses the mundane ego for his plan.
<正>Objective:To explore the antibacterial effect of the alcoholic extracts of aerial parts of Teucrium polium,native in Iran on some pathogenic bacteria.Methods:Antibacterial activity of ...ethanolic extract(50 to 400 mg/mL) and methanolic extract(400 and 600 mg/mL) was evaluated by disc diffusion method.Results:The ethanolic extract results showed that Bacillus anthracis was the most sensitive species,while Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were more resistant than others.In the case of the methanolic extract,Bordetella bronchiseptica was the most sensitive and Proteus mirabilis and Arcanobacterium pyogenes were the most resistant species.The hydroalcoholic extract of Teucrium polium had a relatively satisfactory effect on Salmonella typhi. The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi was 40 mg/mL and Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bacillus anthracis was 10 mg/mL.The minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC) against Bacillus anthracis was 10 mg/mL while against other species were not found(>200 mg/mL).The methanolic extract had also synergistic effect with methicillin,vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus and with novobiocin against Salmonella typhi.Conclusions:These results suggest that this plant contains relatively good antibacterial activity and it can be used as a source of antiseptic compounds for medicinal uses.
<正>Objective:To search for antimicrobial agents among natural products.Methods:Ethanolic extracts of 4 plant species,including Beta vulgaris L.(Chenopodiaceae),Amaranthus graecizans ...(A.graecizans) L.(Amaranthaceae),Rumex obtusifolius(R.obtusifolius) L.and Polygonum patulum(P.patulum) M.B.(Polygonaceae),were evaluated for antibacterial activity using agar disc diffusion method against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteriaPseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),Listeria monocytogenes(L.monocytogenes).Staphylococcus epidermidis(S.epidermidis),Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),Klebsiella pneumoniae(K. pneumoniae),Salmonella typhi(S.typhi),Bacillus cereus(B.cereus).Bacillus anthracis(B. anthracis),Escherichia coli(E.coli) and Streptococcus pyogenes(Str.pyogenes).These extracts were obtained from aerial parts of the used plants.Results:The majority of these extracts had inhibitory effect at different concentrations(0.05 g/mL,0.10 g/mL,0.20 g/mL and 0.40 g/mL) against above mentioned bacteria.E.coli was the most resistant strain.The highest inhibitory zone was showed by ethanolic extract of P.patulum against Str.pyogenes(28 mm) and followed by ethanolic extract of B.vulgaris against S.epidermidis(23 mm).The extract of A.graecizans didn’t show inhibitory activity except at 0.40 g/mL against B.cereus.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) values of R.obtusifolius extract that was measured against Str.pyogenes were equal(MIC=MBC=5.00mg/mL).Conclusion: The findings of this study could also be as new source for antibiotics discovery and infection treatment.
<正>Objective:To assess the antibacterial activity of eight Iranian plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) strains which were isolated from infected patients.Methods: The studied ...strains were isolated from urine,stool,blood and wound of infected patients and identified by biochemical tests.In further,the antibacterial activity of 8 ethanolic local plant extracts including Querqus brantii(Q.brantii),Ziziphus spina-christi(Z.spina-christi),Peganum harmala(P.harmala),Oliveira decumbens(O.decumbens),Galium tricornutum(G.tricornutum), Vitex pseudo negundo(Vi.pseudo negundo),Salvia officinalis(S.officinalis),Vaccaria pyramidata (V.pyramidata) were then evaluated using agar disc diffusion method.Results:A total of 9 isolates were isolated and identified as S.aureus.Antibacterial profile of the strains showed that the strains were resistant to methicillin and cefixime.The highest antibacterial activity against the studied strains were belong to Q.brantii,P.harmala,Z.spina-christi and O.decumbens vent extracts with 11-40 mm,15-28 mm,8-26 mm and 10-20 mm of diameters,respectively. Intermediate antibacterial activity was exhibited by G.tricornutum and Vi.pseudo negundo against some of the studied strains with 7-20 mm and 7-13 mm of diameters,respectively. Noteworthy,out of 9 studied strains;6 and 2 of them were resistant to the G.tricornutum and Vi. pseudo negundo extracts,respectively.The S.officinalis and Va.pyramidata,however,showed no antibacterial activity against the studied strains.Conclusions:The Q.brantii,P.harmala,Z. spina-christi and O.decumbens extracts were shown to possess strong antibacterial activity against methicillin and cefixime resistant S.aureus strains and can be considered as the promising natural antibiotics for treating the studied strains.
Brucellosis, a zoonosis caused by four species of brucella, has a high morbidity. Brucella mefitensis is the main causative agent of brucellosis in both human and small ruminants. As an alternative ...to conventional antibiotics, medicinal plants are valuable resources for new agents against antibiotic-resistant strains. The aim of this study was to investigate the usage of native plants for brucellosis treatment. For this purpose, the anti-brucella activities of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Salvia sclarea, Oliveria decumbens, Ferulago angulata, Vitex pseudo-negundo, Teucrium pofium, Plantago ovata, Cordia myxa, and Crocus safivus were assessed. The activity against a resistant Br. melit- ensis strain was determined by disc diffusion method at various concentrations from 50-400 mg/ml. Antibiotic discs were also used as a control. Among the evaluated herbs, six plant （Salvia sclarea, Ofiveria decumbens, Ferulago angulata, Vitex pseudo-negundo, Teucrium polium, and Crocus safivus） showed anti-brucella activity. Ofiveria decumbens was chosen as the most effective plant for further studies. A tested isolate exhibited resistance to tetracycline nafciltin, oxacillin, methicillin, and colistin. Minimal inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimal bactericidal concentraion （MBC） values for Ofiveria decumbens against resistant Br. melitensis were the same （5 mg/ml）, and for gentamicin they were both 2 mg/ml. Time-kill kinetics for a methanolic extract of Ofiveria decumbens was 7 h whereas for an ethanolic extract it was 28 h. Also, Ofiveria decumbens extracts showed a synergistic effect in combination with doxycycline and tetracycline. In general, the similar values of MIC and MBC for Ofiveria decumbens suggest that these extracts could act as bactericidal agents against Br. melitensis. In addition to Ofiveria decumbens, Crocus safivus and Salvia sclarea also had good anti-brucella activity and these should be considered for further study.
The notion of pre-Christianity logos is found in an abstract form in ancient Greek philosophy as well as Judaism (ancient times and some works of Philo of Alexandria). In Christianity (Prologue to ...the Gospel of John), logos is for the first time identified with a historical character (Jesus), and Christians, namely, Church elders, attributed to logos some characteristics very much resembling Islamic Gnostic interpretation of the “perfect man”. In Islamic gnosis, Ibn Arabi gave a detailed treatment of the issue of the perfect man and gave standpoints comparable to Christian standpoints on logncesos. Having processed Ibn Arabi’s standpoint and standpoints of his commentators’ on the perfect man, as well as standpoints of Church elders on logos, we have concluded that, despite noticeable differences between these two terms, the question of embodiment of logos in Christianity still makes a huge difference regarding this issue.
<正>Objective:To guide for selection of plants with antibacterial activity for further phytochemical works on the isolation and identification of the active compounds.Methods:Ethanolic extracts ...of 3 species from Malvaceae family were evaluated by agar disc diffusion method for antibacterial activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Listeria monocytogenes,Staphylococcus epidermidis.Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.Salmonella typhi,Bacillus cereus.Bacillus anthracis,Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes).The extracts were obtained from aerial parts of Hibiscus rosa(H. rosa)-sinensis(leaf and flower),Alcea rosea(A.rosea) L.(leaf and flower) and Malva neglecta(M. neglecta) Wallr(flower).Results:These extracts had inhibitory effects at different concentrations (0.05,0.10,0.20 and 0.40 g/mL) against above mentioned bacteria.Escherichia coli was the most resistant strain.The highest inhibitory zone was showed by ethanolic extract of M.neglecta against Staphylococcus epidermidis(22 mm) and followed by ethanolic extract from flower of H.rosa against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus(20 mm).The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration(MBC) values against Staphylococcus epidermidis were equal(M1C=MBC=5 mg/mL for M.neglecta extract and for H. rosa extract MIC=MBC=20 mg/mL).Conclusions:These findings suggest that these native plants have good antibacterial properties that can be used for infection control and treatment and could also be as new source for antibiotics discovery and infection treatment.
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