This paper estimates the effect of childcare availability on parents’ employment probability using the timing of the grandmothers’ death – the primary childcare provider in Mexico – as identifying ...variation. I use a triple-difference to disentangle the effect of coinhabiting grandmothers’ deaths due to their impact on childcare from their effects due to alternative mechanisms. Through their impact on childcare availability, grandmothers’ deaths reduce mothers’ employment rate by 12 percentage points (27 percent) and do not affect fathers’ employment rate. The negative effect on mothers’ employment is smaller where public daycare is more available, or private daycare or schools are more affordable.
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•Grandmothers are prevalent sources of childcare across the globe.•The grandmother’s death reduces mothers’ employment rate by 12 percentage points.•A triple-difference disentangles the effect through childcare from other mechanisms.•Smaller effect on mothers’ employment where public daycare is more available.•Smaller effect on mothers’ employment where private daycare is more affordable.
Abstract Hundreds of millions of microenterprises in emerging economies face increased competition from the entry and expansion of large firms that offer similar products. This paper examines the ...impacts of the opening of chain-run convenience stores on one of the world’s most ubiquitous microenterprises: owner-operated shops. To address endogeneity in time and location of chains’ opening, I pair two-way fixed effects with a novel instrument that shifts the profitability of chains but not of shops at the neighbourhood level. Expanding the number of chain outlets from zero to the neighbourhood average of 6.7 stores reduces the number of shops by 15%, a decline driven not by increased shop exits but by decreased shop entries. Shops retain their sales of fresh products and keep 96% of their customers, but customers visit shops less frequently and spend less on packaged goods. Surviving shops leverage competitive advantages stemming from being owner operated, such as lower agency costs, cultivating relationships with neighbours, and offering customers informal credit. The welfare gains of convenience chains replacing shops increase with household income; the poorest households experience a welfare loss.
Binge drinking, the most common form of alcohol consumption, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity; yet, its biological consequences are poorly defined. Previous studies demonstrated ...that chronic alcohol use results in increased gut permeability and increased serum endotoxin levels that contribute to many of the biological effects of chronic alcohol, including alcoholic liver disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of acute binge drinking in healthy adults on serum endotoxin levels. We found that acute alcohol binge resulted in a rapid increase in serum endotoxin and 16S rDNA, a marker of bacterial translocation from the gut. Compared to men, women had higher blood alcohol and circulating endotoxin levels. In addition, alcohol binge caused a prolonged increase in acute phase protein levels in the systemic circulation. The biological significance of the in vivo endotoxin elevation was underscored by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL-6, and chemokine, MCP-1, measured in total blood after in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Our findings indicate that even a single alcohol binge results in increased serum endotoxin levels likely due to translocation of gut bacterial products and disturbs innate immune responses that can contribute to the deleterious effects of binge drinking.
Varieties of K-lattices Aglianò, Paolo; Marcos, Miguel Andrés
Fuzzy sets and systems,
08/2022, Letnik:
442
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In this paper we deal with varieties of commutative residuated lattices that arise from a specific kind of construction: the twist-product of a lattice. Twist-products were first considered by Kalman ...in 1958 to deal with order involutions on plain lattices, but the extension of this concept to residuated lattices has attracted some attention lately. Here we deal mainly with varieties of such lattices that can be obtained by applying a specific twist-product construction to varieties of integral and commutative residuated lattices.
Varieties of bounded K-lattices Aglianò, Paolo; Marcos, Miguel Andrés
Fuzzy sets and systems,
08/2022, Letnik:
442
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper we continue to study varieties of K-lattices, focusing on their bounded versions. These (bounded) commutative residuated lattices arise from a specific kind of construction: the ...twist-product of a lattice. Twist-products were first considered by Kalman in 1958 to deal with order involutions on plain lattices, but the extension of this concept to residuated lattices has attracted some attention lately. We describe the lower part of the lattice of subvarieties of bounded K-lattices, showing that there is only one atom and describing up to a certain extent the covers of the atom. We also consider some special subvarieties of bounded K-lattices, and study the lattice of subvarieties for those cases.
We introduce the notion of generalized rotation of a residuated lattice and characterize the varieties of bounded residuated lattices they generate, which we name MVRn. These algebras have a ...retraction onto a hyperarchimedean MV-algebra. Then we characterize algebras in MVRn as triples made of an MV-algebra, a residuated lattice with a nucleus, and an operator joining them.
The need for airtightness control is a reality given its impact on buildings' energy use and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). For the past few years, this fact has resulted in energy performance regulations ...establishment that involves airtightness requirements in many countries in Europe and North America. In this sense, efforts should not only be focused on new buildings, but also existing ones. Considering that around 90% of the built stock in the EU is expected to still be standing in 2050 and that almost 75% of the buildings are energy inefficient, attention must be paid to retrofitting actions.
Airtightness predictive models have become useful in the decision-making process and to estimate input values in energy performance simulation tools. So far, several predictive models have been developed in different countries. However, specific construction systems and practices lead to a lack of consensus regarding the impact of different factors on airtightness performance. Therefore, the applicability of existing models is limited to their specific contexts.
This paper presents a predictive model for envelope airtightness, which was developed from a database that contains a fully characterised representative sample of the residential building stock in Spain. A General Linear Model (GLM) was considered to assess significant variables related to the age of the building, typology, building state, construction system, and dimensions. As a result, a predictive model is presented and validated. Overall, even if some limitations were identified, the relevance of the model proposed is warranted from the statistical point of view. The airtightness predictive model presented offers a procedure for airtightness estimation of residential buildings in Spain.
•Development of a model to estimate the envelope airtightness of dwellings in Spain.•The model is based on a representative sample of existing dwellings tested.•The model allows the analysis of factors that impact the airtightness level.
Infiltration plays a relevant role regarding the energy performance of buildings. Many European countries have already established standards which aim to limit the energy waste through the envelope ...following the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive guidelines. However, in Mediterranean countries there is still a lack of knowledge in this field. An extensive study has been carried out in order to characterize the air leakage through the envelope of the existing housing stock in the Continental climate area of Spain. Results of 129 dwellings tested, including different typologies and periods of construction, are shown. Blower door tests were performed, and thermal imaging was used to locate leakage paths. Single-family dwellings were found to be more airtight than apartments, given that the mean air permeability rate at 50 Pa (q50) was 5.4 m3/h·m2 and 6.8 m3/h·m2 respectively. The mean air change rate at 50 Pa (n50) was 6.1 h−1 for single-family dwellings and 7.1 h−1 for multi-family housing. Nevertheless, great dispersion of results and extreme values were found. In addition, the influence of several construction characteristics on permeability results was assessed.
•Pressurization tests were performed in 129 dwellings in the Spanish Continental area.•The mean ACH50 was 7.1 h−1 for apartments and 6.1 h−1 for single-family dwellings.•No relationship was found between construction features and permeability results.•Leakage places were located in windows, shutters, ducts and construction joints.
•Pressurization tests were performed in 225 dwellings in hot and temperate areas of Spain.•The mean air permeability rate at 50 Pa of the whole sample was 6.56 m3/(h·m2).•Location, climate zone and ...window material have statistically an impact on airtightness.•Air infiltration has an energy impact on the heating demand between 2.43 and 16.44 kWh/m2·year.
Air infiltration through the building envelope has already been proven to have a significant energy impact in dwellings. Different studies have been carried out in Europe, but there is still a lack of knowledge in this field regarding mild climates. An experimental field study has been carried out in the Mediterranean climate area of Spain and the Canary Islands in order to assess the air permeability of the building envelope and its energy impact. A wide characterization and Blower Door tests have been performed in 225 cases in Alicante, Barcelona, Málaga, Sevilla and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for this purpose. The obtained mean air permeability rate for the 225 studied cases was 6.56 m3/(h·m2). The influence of several variables on airtightness was statistically analysed, although only location, climate zone and window material were found to be significant. Air infiltration has an energy impact between 2.43 and 16.44 kWh/m2·year on the heating demand and between 0.54 and 3.06 kWh/m2·year on the cooling demand.
Este artículo muestra cómo se pueden examinar los datos compilados en los Corpus de Clases de L2 (CCL2). En concreto, se centra en cómo analizar, tanto manualmente como con la herramienta Sketch ...Engine (https://www.sketchengine.eu), la enseñanza de vocabulario en español a partir de este tipo de corpus. Para situar al lector, en la revisión de la literatura se presentan varios CCL1 y CCL2 disponibles a través de alguna interfaz específica o a través de Sketch Engine. Además, se describe cómo investigadores con distintos enfoques han utilizado los CCL2 y con qué propósitos. Asimismo, puesto que los ejemplos que se dan en el artículo se centran en investigaciones relacionadas con el léxico en la L2, se incluye una sección muy somera sobre esta cuestión. A continuación, al examinar las aplicaciones de Sketch Engine, se centra la atención en las funcionalidades Lista de palabras, Concordancia y Palabras clave. Para ejemplificar la utilidad de Sketch Engine combinado con los análisis de tipo manual, se describen tres CCL2 creados por la autora del artículo y se revisa la metodología de cuatro investigaciones sobre la enseñanza del vocabulario y de la morfología léxica en las que se usaron estos tres CCL2. Tras describir cómo se analizaron los datos en estos estudios, se proponen nuevas investigaciones posibles con Sketch Engine y se ofrecen algunas recomendaciones que pueden resultar útiles para quienes se adentren en el uso de esta herramienta aplicada al análisis de CCL2.
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