Sex Differences in Atrial Fibrillation Tamirisa, Kamala P.; Calvert, Peter; Dye, Cicely ...
Current cardiology reports,
09/2023, Letnik:
25, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Purpose of Review
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. The estimated lifetime risk of developing AF is higher in men; however, due to differences in life ...expectancy, the overall prevalence is higher among women, particularly in the older age group. Sex differences play an important role in the pathophysiology, presentation, and clinical outcomes of AF. Awareness of these differences minimizes the potential for disparities in AF management. Our review summarizes the current literature on sex differences in AF, including the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical symptomatology, mechanisms, treatment, and outcomes. We also explore the implications of these differences for clinical practice and future research.
Recent Findings
Women are more likely to present with atypical symptoms, have a higher stroke risk, and have a worse quality of life with AF when compared to men. Despite this, they are less likely to receive rhythm control strategies and anticoagulants.
Summary
The sex-based differences in AF pathology and management might be a combination of inherent biological and hormonal differences, and implicit bias of the research entities and treating clinicians. Our review stresses the need for further sex-specific research in the pathophysiology of AF and opens a dialogue on personalized medicine, where management strategies can be tailored to individual patient characteristics, including sex.
Three-dimensional displacement in multi-colored objects is measured by combining fringe projection (FP) and digital image correlation (DIC). Simultaneity of measurements through both techniques is ...warranted by encoding their signals on the RGB channels of color images. By separating the illuminating sources for each technique and by using ultraviolet light for DIC, contrast and amplitude of the registered signals are enhanced, enabling displacement measurement of multi-colored objects in dynamic events. The objects may even present a relatively large dynamic range of intensity levels. Proper selection of the light sources is supported by spectral analyses of the components of the system and by evaluation of the contrast of the registered images. Experimental results reveal that displacement measurements with relatively high accuracy can be obtained.
The usual model updating method may be considered to be deterministic since it uses measurements from a single test system to correct a nominal finite element model. There may however be variability ...in seemingly identical test structures and uncertainties in the finite element model. Variability in test structures may arise from many sources including geometric tolerances and the manufacturing process, and modelling uncertainties may result from the use of nominal material properties, ill-defined joint stiffnesses and rigid boundary conditions. In this paper, the theory of stochastic model updating using a Monte-Carlo inverse procedure with multiple sets of experimental results is explained and then applied to the case of a simulated three degree-of-freedom system, which is used to fix ideas and also to illustrate some of the practical limitations of the method. In the companion paper, stochastic model updating is applied to a benchmark structure using a contact finite element model that includes common uncertainties in the modelling of the spot welds.
The performance of a system consisting of a thin rectangular plate under plane stress due to the action of PZT actuators, thus subjected to the Poisson's contraction effect, and a light circular ...object freely floating over it was studied both numerically and experimentally. The results show that performance of the system is influenced by a few factors, including the magnitude of elastic deformation of the plate and the electrostatic action of the PZTs attached to the plate, which combine to form oscillating dimples created by the Poisson's effect to separate the object from the plate with a film of compressible fluid. The importance of operating frequency of PZTs, shape and size of the dimple, offset and amplitude voltage under which PZTs operate, and distribution of PZTs on the plate's surface were all examined theoretically and verified experimentally. The plate was made of aluminium and stainless steel in order to find out the importance of the material's energy absorption rate for the effectiveness of squeeze-film induced levitation. The agreement between theoretical models and experimental measurements proved to be quite satisfactory.
Influenza imparts a significant health burden on the United States and global population. Furthermore, influenza is associated with acute cardiovascular events, including heart failure exacerbations, ...acute coronary syndromes, strokes, and overall cardiovascular mortality. We review the role of seasonal influenza vaccination in mitigating cardiovascular risk.
A large study assessed the impact of influenza vaccine on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality using the US National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. This study included 22 634 643 hospitalizations. Vaccination against influenza was associated with a reduction in myocardial infarctions (MI) relative risk (RR) = 0.84, 95% CI 0.82-0.87, P < 0.001, transient ischemic attacks (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.9-0.96, P < 0.001), cardiac arrests (RR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.33-0.39, P < 0.001), strokes (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.97, P < 0.001), and overall mortality (RR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.36-0.4, P < 0.001).
Available data suggests that seasonal influenza vaccination is very effective in mitigating cardiovascular risk. Increasing the rates of influenza vaccination, especially among those with cardiovascular risk factors, is critical in preventing infection and attenuating influenza-related cardiovascular complications and adverse outcomes.
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