The realities of Christ and the Gospel were for Paul powerful interpretive tools. In his letters, Paul uses these realities as lenses to interpret his suffering. This article examines elements of ...Paul’s thought where suffering is interpreted as positive for ministry. First, in Ephesians and Philemon, we discuss the term “Prisoner for Christ,” and the ways Paul sees this as a title of honor that qualifies him with authority. Second, in the Corinthians correspondence, we examine the way Paul connects apostleship and suffering, listing his sufferings as qualifications. Third, in 2 Corinthians 1, we look at how Paul sees suffering as contributing to empathy in ministry. Finally, we trace echoes of similar thoughts elsewhere in the New Testament.
Za Pavla su stvarnosti Krista i evanđelja bile moćni interpretativni alati. U svojim pismima Pavao koristi te stvarnosti kao leće kojima tumači svoje trpljenje. Ovaj članak istražuje elemente Pavlova razmišljanja u kojemu je patnja protumačena kao nešto što ide u prilog službi. Prvo, u Ežefanima i Filemonu raspravljamo o terminu „sužanj Krista Isusa” i načine na koje Pavao to vidi kao počasni naziv koji ga kvalificira autoritetom. Drugo, u korespondenciji s Korinćanima razmatramo način na koji Pavao povezuje apostolstvo i patnju, nabrajajući svoje nedaće kao kvalifikacije. Treće, u Drugoj poslanici Korinćanima promatramo način na koji Pavao vidi patnju kao nešto što doprinosi empatiji u službi. Na kraju otkrivamo odjeke sličnih misli drugdje u Novomu zavjetu.
Za Pavla su stvarnosti Krista i evanđelja bile moćni interpretativni alati. U svojim pismima Pavao koristi te stvarnosti kao leće kojima tumači svoje trpljenje. Ovaj članak istražuje elemente Pavlova ...razmišljanja u kojemu je patnja protumačena kao nešto što ide u prilog službi. Prvo, u Ežefanima i Filemonu raspravljamo o terminu „sužanj Krista Isusa” i načine na koje Pavao to vidi kao počasni naziv koji ga kvalificira autoritetom. Drugo, u korespondenciji s Korinćanima razmatramo način na koji Pavao povezuje apostolstvo i patnju, nabrajajući svoje nedaće kao kvalifikacije. Treće, u Drugoj poslanici Korinćanima promatramo način na koji Pavao vidi patnju kao nešto što doprinosi empatiji u službi. Na kraju otkrivamo odjeke sličnih misli drugdje u Novomu zavjetu.
The realities of Christ and the Gospel were for Paul powerful interpretive tools. In his letters, Paul uses these realities as lenses to interpret his suffering. This article examines elements of Paul’s thought where suffering is interpreted as positive for ministry. First, in Ephesians and Philemon, we discuss the term “Prisoner for Christ,” and the ways Paul sees this as a title of honor that qualifies him with authority. Second, in the Corinthians correspondence, we examine the way Paul connects apostleship and suffering, listing his sufferings as qualifications. Third, in 2 Corinthians 1, we look at how Paul sees suffering as contributing to empathy in ministry. Finally, we trace echoes of similar thoughts elsewhere in the New Testament.
Epitopes with evidence of HLA-II-associated adaptation induce poorly immunogenic CD4
T-cell responses in HIV-positive (HIV
) individuals. Many such escaped CD4
T-cell epitopes are encoded by HIV-1 ...vaccines being evaluated in clinical trials. Here, we assessed whether this viral adaptation adversely impacts CD4
T-cell responses following HIV-1 vaccination, thereby representing escaped epitopes. When evaluated in separate peptide pools, vaccine-encoded adapted epitopes (AE) induced CD4
T-cell responses less frequently than nonadapted epitopes (NAE). We also demonstrated that in a polyvalent vaccine, where both forms of the same epitope were encoded, AE were less immunogenic. NAE-specific CD4
T cells had increased, albeit low, levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) cytokine production. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses showed that NAE-specific CD4
T cells expressed interferon-related genes, while AE-specific CD4
T cells resembled a Th2 phenotype. Importantly, the magnitude of NAE-specific CD4
T-cell responses, but not that of AE-specific responses, was found to positively correlate with Env-specific antibodies in a vaccine efficacy trial. Together, these findings show that HLA-II-associated viral adaptation reduces CD4
T-cell responses in HIV-1 vaccine recipients and suggest that vaccines encoding a significant number of AE may not provide optimal B-cell help for HIV-specific antibody production.
Despite decades of research, an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive. Vaccine strategies leading to the generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies are likely needed to provide the best opportunity of generating a protective immune response against HIV-1. Numerous studies have demonstrated that T-cell help is necessary for effective antibody generation. However, immunogen sequences from recent HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials include CD4
T-cell epitopes that have evidence of immune escape. Our study shows that these epitopes, termed adapted epitopes, elicit lower frequencies of CD4
T-cell responses in recipients from multiple HIV-1 vaccine trials. Additionally, the counterparts to these epitopes, termed nonadapted epitopes, elicited CD4
T-cell responses that correlated with Env-specific antibodies in one efficacy trial. These results suggest that vaccine-encoded adapted epitopes dampen CD4
T-cell responses, potentially impacting both HIV-specific antibody production and efficacious vaccine efforts.
Lake Pend Oreille and the Clark Fork River provide essential ecosystem services, including fisheries and hydroelectric power, to residents of Montana, Idaho, and Washington. Although conflicts exist, ...these services are maintained in concert by emergent sociocultural services created by a multi-institutional, transboundary collaboration. This has been enabled by an innovative Federal Energy Regulatory Commission license settlement agreement among a multitude of stakeholders. The consensus-based agreement promotes connections among people, projects, waterways, and fish populations. Collaborative management efforts allow stakeholders to address controversial issues, such as invasive fish suppression. We demonstrate how reciprocal cultural ecosystem services and services to ecosystems can enable ecosystem-scale restoration that addresses invasive species, habitat protection, and water quality management. Continued ecosystem management success relies on sustaining the relationship-building and shared knowledge services that have emerged over the past 25 years.
