Summary
Thermal degradation and generation of objectionable compounds such as hydroxymethylfurfural have been observed in hot pressurised water extraction of polyphenols. Addition of small amounts of ...ethanol can reduce process temperatures and retain extraction efficiencies. However, ethanol may reduce the recovery of polyphenols in the subsequent purification stage. The overall effect of increasing amounts of ethanol (0–15%) and reduced temperatures (90, 75, 60 °C) in the extraction stage, as well as increasing amounts of ethanol in the desorption eluent (60–80%) were analysed in a combined hot pressurised liquid extraction–resin purification grape pomace polyphenols process for the first time. Without decreasing the polyphenols recovery (~24 mg GAE g−1), ethanol addition (15%) reduced the extraction temperature (from 130 to 90 °C) which not only decreased the reducing sugar extraction (~25%) but also avoided the hydroxymethylfurfural generation in the extraction stage. Additionally, the combined hot pressurised liquid extraction–resin purification process preserved the proanthocyanidin oligomeric distribution and was selective to polyphenols. The operating conditions found for the combined process, efficiently produced purified polyphenols extracts (11 mg GAE g−1), free of hydroxymethylfurfural and reducing sugars.
Polyphenols integrated process of hot pressurised liquid extraction–macroporous resin purification.
Sequential extraction and purification stages are required to obtain extracts rich in specific polyphenols. However, both separation processes are often optimized independently and the effect of the ...integrated process on the global recovery of polyphenols has not been fully elucidated yet. We assessed the impact of hot-pressurized liquid extraction (HPLE) conditions (temperature: 90-150 °C; ethanol concentration: 15%-50%) on the global recovery of specific phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols and stilbenes from
grape pomace in an integrated HPLE/resin purification (RP) process. HPLE of phenolic acids, flavanols and stilbenes were favored when temperature and ethanol concentration increased, except for chlorogenic acid which showed an increment of its Gibbs free energy of solvation at higher ethanol contents. Ethanol concentration significantly impacted the global yield of the integrated HPLE/RP process. The lower the ethanol content of the HPLE extracts, the higher the recovery of phenolic acids, flavanols and stilbenes after RP, except for flavonols which present more polar functional groups. The best specific recovery conditions were 150 °C and ethanol concentrations of 15%, 32.5% and 50% for phenolic acids, flavanols and stilbenes, and flavonols, respectively. At 150 °C and 32.5% of ethanol, the extracts presented the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. The integrated HPLE/RP process allows a selective separation of specific polyphenols and eliminates the interfering compounds, ensuring the safety of the extracts at all evaluated conditions.
This research aims to analyse the differences in optimism, resilience, engagement and competitive anxiety as a function of the sport modality practiced in lifeguarding (individual sport) and futsal ...(team sport); the sport category by age (cadet or youth) and gender. The LOT-R optimism questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and the Competitive Anxiety Scale (SAS-2) were applied to a sample of 189 participants (139 men and 50 womwn) aged between 14 and 17 years. The following statistical tests are performed: Cronbach's alpha, Pearson's linear correlation, Student's t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene's test and multivariate linear regression. The data indicate that there are significant gender differences in total anxiety (p <0.001) and all its dimensions (somatic, worry, worry-free), also in optimism and pessimism (
p
< 0.001), as well as in total engagement (
p
= 0.051) and the absorption dimension (
p
< 0.001). When comparing the sample by sport categories, there are statistically significant differences in somatic anxiety (
p
= 0.036) and deconcentration (
p
= 0.034), as well as in LOT-total (
p
≤ 0.001) and pessimism (
p
≤ 0.001). In relation to the sport modalities, lifeguards show more anxiety 38.39 (0.49) and more commitment 4.58 (0.87) while futsal athletes reach higher scores in deconcentration 8.45 (2.29). It is concluded that the variables of commitment and resilience had a statistically significant positive effect, and the category of <16 years had a statistically significant negative effect, so the lower the category, the higher the optimism.
Regular physical activity practice provides benefits and improves quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study was to know the level of QOL of older adults who practice physical activity. The ...study was quantitative, descriptive and cross-cutting with accidental sampling, with 554 participants of which 37.2% (n=206) are men and 62.8% (n=348) women, with an average age of around 65 years (M=64.9; DT=10.3). To know the QOL of the sample members, the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used, 26 items and four dimensions, with five-option Likert scale responses (1-5). Regarding statistics, Cronbach alpha, Pearson linear correlation, t-Student, ANOVA, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene test were applied with SPSS 25.0 for Windows. Regarding the results, it should be noted that the environment dimension was the best valued followed closely by the psychological health dimension and the worst valued was social relationships. There were no significant differences in sex. In terms of age, when one gets older, psychological health and the environment decrease, while increasing social relationships. In conclusion, older adults with academic qualifications had better values in psychological health and in the environment.
La práctica regular de actividad física aporta beneficios y mejora la calidad de vida (CV). El propósito del estudio fue conocer el nivel de CV de los ancianos que practican actividad física. El estudio fue cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal con muestreo accidental, con 554 participantes de los cuales el 37,2% (n=206) son hombres y el 62,8% (n=348) mujeres, con una edad media en torno a los 65 años (M=64,9; DT=10,3). Para conocer la CV de los miembros de la muestra se utilizó el cuestionario WHOQOL-BREF, 26 ítems y cuatro dimensiones, con respuestas de escala Likert de cinco opciones (1-5). En cuanto a la estadística, se utilizó alfa de Cronbach, correlación lineal de Pearson, t-Student, ANOVA, Kolmogorov-Smirnov y test de Levene, con el programa SPSS 25.0 para Windows. En cuanto a los resultados, cabe señalar que la dimensión medioambiental fue la mejor valorada seguida de cerca por la dimensión salud psicológica y la peor valorada fueron las relaciones sociales. No existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al sexo. En cuanto a la edad, cuando se envejece, la salud psicológica y el medio ambiente disminuyen, al tiempo que aumentan las relaciones sociales. En conclusión, los adultos mayores con titulación académica tuvieron mejores valores en salud psicológica y en el medio ambiente.
The purpose of the study was to understand the effects of gender and age on anxiety, optimism, resilience and engagement in a group of older adults. An observational, quantitative, descriptive and ...transversal design was used with non-probabilistic sampling. Descriptive statistical analyses, reliability tests (Cronbach's alpha) and linear correlation tests (Pearson's) were performed, and the development of multivariate linear regression models was conducted. Female participants in the sample had higher levels in anxiety and pessimism, while male participants scored higher in optimism, engagement and resilience. Participants who practiced physical activity (PA) had better scores in optimism, engagement and resilience. The sample comprised 55.1% men and 44.9% women, between the ages of 51 and 93, with an average of 68.1 years, all participants completed the questionnaire Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) the short version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale questionnaire (UWES-9) the short version of the CD-RISC. As for marital status, there were significant differences between single participants and romantic partner. Singles participants showed higher levels of anxiety than their married counterparts, while those in a relationship scored higher in optimism, engagement and resilience. The model was statistically significant
(9;352) = 14.6;
< 0.001, explaining 27% of the variance in optimism. The data indicated that PA practice and living with a partner in an inland area is associated with less anxiety, which may have implications for programs and activities designed for older adults.
To establish the diversity, structure, and phylogenetic relationships among Colombian Creole cattle, six native breeds and one introduced breed were genotyped for 20 microsatellite loci. The average ...number of alleles per breed ranged from 7050 (Romosinuano) to 10,100 (Casanareño), and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.691 (San martinero) to 0.785 (Casanareño). The deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was statistically significant (
p
< 0.05) in 59 out of 120 tests carried out in the six breeds for the 20 microsatellite loci analyzed. Colombian Creole bovine breeds have maintained a high level of genetic differentiation within the same populations (93%), and the rest is explained by differences between breeds (7%). The differentiation pattern and the genetic relationships between the Colombian Creole bovine breeds showed high consistency with the evolutionary history of each. Both the Bayesian grouping analysis and the neighbor-joining tree exhibited a reliable grouping pattern, which revealed two main groups: one comprised by the breeds Blanco Orejinegro, Hartón del Valle, Costeño Con Cuernos, Romosinuano, and San Martinero, and the other one by the Creole breed Casanareño and Zebu. These were probably caused by different historical, reproductive, and geographic isolation precedents, as well as by different levels of inbreeding. This study will help understand the genetic characteristics of Colombian Creole cattle and will benefit future conservation programs.
In electrical protection, there is a method of electrical protection of buildings against atmospheric discharges called the electro-geometric method or the rolling sphere method. So far, it is ...possible to achieve the implementation of this method graphically, that is, representing through plans and technical drawings, the protection conditions of the analyzed structure and obtaining from these graphic representations the protection parameters with the consequent errors caused by the scales and dimensions of the work plane. In the present work, a mathematical model is obtained that allows, using specific calculations, to analyze the dynamic behavior of a protection system against atmospheric discharges without worrying about the limitations given by the scales and planes. The set of equations obtained in the model allows us to determine the different parameters that define the protection system against atmospheric discharges (lightning) without depending on the graphical representation of the system's topology.
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