Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a significant global concern with adverse environmental, socio-economic, and health effects. However, characterizing MSW in developing urban areas is limited. By 2030, ...global MSW is projected to reach 2.59 billion tons, with 90% being disposed of unsafely. This study aims to quantify and characterize MSW in the Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation (CCMC) in India, which generates 800–1000 tons of MSW daily. MSW data were collected using a door-to-door survey approach and sorted according to the Solid Waste Management Rules (2016). The study found that the per capita waste generation (PCG) for CCMC is 0.310 ± 0.453 kg/person/day (skewness (
γ
) = 5.69), with the highest PCG observed in the East zone with 0.365 ± 0.504 kg/person/day (
γ
= 7.88). Additionally, the study estimated the PCG based on categories, the number of persons, and different income groups. The estimated overall MSW in CCMC is 909.85 ± 1329.55 tons/day where 68.26 ± 41.25% is biodegradable waste. The study provides policymakers and waste management authorities with valuable insights to develop effective and sustainable waste management strategies for CCMC and other similar urban areas.
Increased carbon emissions have increased global warming resulting in tremendous changes in the climate factor. Climate change has brought drought, cyclones, floods, tsunami, irregular ...rainfall patterns threatening food security, cleanwater, etc. To reduce the impacts of global warming that are detrimental to humanity and the biosphere, global nations have agreed to reduce carbon emissions and go for a low carbon footprint in all industrial and commercial activities. This study analyzes the cultivation and consuming spirulina (Arthospira platensis) as a win-win situation for sustainable development in terms of GDP as well as carbon capture &storage (CCS).
Food fuel and fermentation products Meena, Parthiban; Manimekalan, Arunchalam; Radhakrishnan T ...
Indian journal of microbiology research,
10/2022, Letnik:
9, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Earth is surrounded by 97% water; Human body is made of 90% water and that depicts the importance of water to humans and biosphere. Water nourishes, nurtures and sustains all forms of life. Likewise, ...every domestic and industrial activity of humans is filled with 90% of fermentation products. Even without our knowledge fermentation products are in every walks of humanity. This study aims at recalling fermentation products in the past as well as present day advances in fermentation industry and importance of these products in health care, food, agriculture, power generation, economy, etc.
Postoperative echocardiography after congenital heart disease surgery is of prognostic importance, but variable image quality is problematic. We implemented a quality improvement bundle comprising of ...focused imaging protocols, procedural sedation, and sonographer education to improve the rate of optimal imaging (OI).
Predischarge echocardiograms were evaluated in 116 children (median age, 0.51 years; range, 0.01-5.6 years) from two centers after tetralogy of Fallot repair, arterial switch operation, and bidirectional Glenn and Fontan procedures. OI rates were compared between the centers before and after the implementation of a quality improvement bundle at center 1, with center 2 serving as the comparator. Echocardiographic images were independently scored by a single reader from each center, blinded to center and time period. For each echocardiographic variable, quality score was assigned as 0 (not imaged or suboptimally imaged) or 1 (optimally imaged); structures were classified as intra- or extracardiac. The rate of OI was calculated for each variable as the percentage of patients assigned a score of 1.
Intracardiac structures had higher OI than extracardiac structures (81% vs 57%; adjusted odds ratio OR, 3.47; P < .01). Center 1 improved overall OI from 48% to 73% (OR, 4.44; P < .01), intracardiac OI from 69% to 85% (OR, 3.53; P = .01), and extracardiac OI from 35% to 67% (OR, 5.16; P < .01). There was no temporal difference for center 2.
After congenital heart disease surgery in children, intracardiac structures are imaged more optimally than extracardiac structures. Focused imaging protocols, patient sedation, and sonographer education can improve OI rates.
Many factors affect patient outcome after congenital heart surgery, including the complexity of the heart disease, pre-operative status, patient specific factors (prematurity, nutritional status ...and/or presence of comorbid conditions or genetic syndromes), and post-operative residual lesions. The
esidual
esion
core is a novel tool for assessing whether specific residual cardiac lesions after surgery have a measurable impact on outcome. The goal is to understand which residual lesions can be tolerated and which should be addressed prior to leaving the operating room. The Residual Lesion Score study is a large multicentre prospective study designed to evaluate the association of Residual Lesion Score to outcomes in infants undergoing surgery for CHD. This Pediatric Heart Network and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded study prospectively enrolled 1,149 infants undergoing 5 different congenital cardiac surgical repairs at 17 surgical centres. Given the contribution of echocardiographic measurements in assigning the Residual Lesion Score, the Residual Lesion Score study made use of a centralised core lab in addition to site review of all data. The data collection plan was designed with the added goal of collecting image quality information in a way that would permit us to improve our understanding of the reproducibility, variability, and feasibility of the echocardiographic measurements being made. There were significant challenges along the way, including the coordination, de-identification, storage, and interpretation of very large quantities of imaging data. This necessitated the development of new infrastructure and technology, as well as use of novel statistical methods. The study was successfully completed, but the size and complexity of the population being studied and the data being extracted required more technologic and human resources than expected which impacted the length and cost of conducting the study. This paper outlines the process of designing and executing this complex protocol, some of the barriers to implementation and lessons to be considered in the design of future studies.
Abstract Aim To estimate the prevalence of, and assess factors associated with, diabetes and prediabetes in three South Asian cities. Methods Using a multi-stage cluster random sample representative ...of each city, 16,288 subjects aged ≥20 years (Chennai: 6906, Delhi: 5365 and Karachi: 4017) were recruited to the Centre for cArdio-metabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia (CARRS) Study. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured in 13720 subjects. Prediabetes was defined as FPG 100–125 mg/dl (5.6–6.9 mmol/l) and/or HbA1c 5.7–6.4% (39–46 mmol/mol) and diabetes as self-report and/or drug treatment for diabetes and/or FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl (≥7.0 mmol/l) and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol). We assessed factors associated with diabetes and prediabetes using polytomous logistic regression models. Results Overall 47.3–73.1% of the population had either diabetes or prediabetes: Chennai 60.7% 95%CI: 59.0–62.4% (diabetes – 22.8% 21.5–24.1%, prediabetes – 37.9% 36.1–39.7%); Delhi 72.7% 70.6–74.9% (diabetes – 25.2% 23.6–26.8%, prediabetes – 47.6% 45.6–49.5%); and Karachi 47.4% 45.7–49.1%; (diabetes – 16.3% 15.2–17.3%, prediabetes – 31.1% 29.5–32.8%, respectively). Proportions of self-reported diabetes were 55.1%, 39.0%, and 48.0% in Chennai, Delhi, and Karachi, respectively. City, age, family history of diabetes, generalized obesity, abdominal obesity, body fat, high cholesterol, high triglyceride, and low HDL cholesterol levels were each independently associated with prediabetes, while the same factors plus waist-to-height ratio and hypertension were associated with diabetes. Conclusion Six in ten adults in large South Asian cities have either diabetes or prediabetes. These data call for urgent action to prevent diabetes in South Asia.
Rice sheath rot has become a highly destructive rice disease with a high variability in yield loss levels varying from 20 to 85%. It is caused by many pathogenic agents varying depending on the area, ...grown varieties, prevailing environmental conditions, the farming system, other pests, etc. Therefore, sheath rot disease can be effectively managed through crop improvement strategies viz., discovery of resistance sources from varieties, germplasm, landraces, wild genetic resources and further deploying them in breeding programmes. In this study, the level of resistance to sheath rot in 43 rice germplasm accessions were screened and the results were grouped using Darwin 6.0 statistical package from dissimilarity analysis. The percent disease index (PDI) was calculated and varietal reactions were presented. Out of 43 lines screened against sheath rot, six entries viz., Gowri, NLR 3449, Navara, Soorakkuruvai, Keralakandasala, krishnahemavathi were categorised as moderately resistant. Most of the lines and varieties viz., JGL 348, Abhya, LFR293, MDU5, Kalinga, Annada, Kodaikannan, TP-100008, TP-10106, Kuruvaikalanjium, Kalyani, Maranella, Seeragasamba, Thondi, Kavara, TPS-4, TPS-5, TP 08053 were found as moderately susceptible. However, the germplasm lines Swarna, Kattanur, Dhalaheera and JGL 3855 have been reported to be resistant to sheath rot. Sixteen germplasm lines viz., Bharathi, Uma, CO 39, Neikuruvai, CO 50, Rajalakshmi, Karsamba, JGL 1798, CO 51, BPT 5204, Virendra, JGL 1798, CO 51, BPT 5204 and Aman were designated as susceptible and three germplasm lines viz., Athira, Malampunchan, Adukan were found as highly susceptible. None of the entry in the present study was recorded as immune. The present investigation revealed that the resistant and moderately resistant genotypes viz., Swarna, Kattanur, Dhalaheera, JGL 3855, Gowri, NLR3449, Navara, Soorakuruvai, Keralakandasala, and Krishnahemavathi can be utilised in resistant breeding programmes for the development of sheath rot resistant lines in rice.
Abstract only
Background:
Technical Performance Score (TPS), a tool based largely on the presence and magnitude of residua on postoperative echocardiograms (echo), has been used for assessing ...surgical repair and correlates with outcomes. The reproducibility of the echo measures that drive TPS classification has not been tested. We evaluated reader variability for echo components of TPS for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair and arterial switch operation (ASO) in 2 centers and measured its effect on TPS.
Hypothesis:
Inter-reader echo measurement variability will not substantially impact TPS classification.
Methods:
Postoperative echos were evaluated in 67 subjects (39 TOF and 28 ASO). Two readers (1 per center) read each echo, blinded to center of origin. To assess intra-reader variability, 25% of echoes were re-reviewed by each reader. Measurements between readers were compared with Intra-class correlation (ICC). TPS Class (1 Optimal
no residua
, 2 Adequate
minor residua
, 3 Inadequate
major residua
) was assigned for each echo review by an independent investigator. The impact of measurement variability on overall TPS variability was compared using weighted Kappa (K) and % raw agreement.
Results:
ICC was highest for Doppler velocity data and lower for measurements of small linear structures such as septal defects and vena contracta
Figure.
Overall TPS demonstrated good agreement (between reader TOF K = 0.82 and ASO K = 0.81). The 2 readers were concordant for TPS Class for 53 subjects (79%) and discordant for Classes 2 vs. 3 in 6 (9%); no readings were discordant between Classes 1 and 3
Table
.
Conclusions:
Although overall TPS demonstrated good agreement, inter-reader variation for echo measurements had a small, but important effect on TPS for ASO and TOF, particularly for the distinction between minor and major residua. Future studies of generalizability and reproducibility of TPS across centers and lesions are needed before TPS could be adopted as a national quality measure.
Technical Performance Score (TPS) is based largely on the presence and magnitude of residual lesions on postoperative echocardiograms; this score correlates with outcomes following repair of ...congenital heart defects. We evaluated reader variability for echocardiographic components of TPS for complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and arterial switch operation (ASO) in two centers and measured its effect on TPS. Postoperative echocardiograms were evaluated in 67 children (39 TOF and 28 ASO). Two readers (one per center) interpreted each echocardiogram. Reader variability in image quality assessments and measurements was compared using weighted kappa (
κ
), percent agreement, and intra-class correlation. TPS class (1 optimal-no residua, 2 adequate-minor residua, 3 inadequate-major residua) was assigned for each echocardiographic review by an independent investigator. The effect of reader interpretation variability on TPS classification was measured. There was strong agreement for TPS between the two readers (
κ
= 0.88). The readers were concordant for TPS classes for 57 children (85 %) and discordant for classes 2 (minor residua) versus 3 (major residua) in six (9 %). Coronary arteries and branch pulmonary arteries were frequently suboptimally visualized. Although inter-reader agreement for TPS was strong, inter-reader variation in echocardiographic interpretations had a small, but important effect on TPS for TOF and ASO, particularly for the distinction between minor and major residua. Further studies of generalizability and reproducibility of TPS and refinement of scoring modules may be needed before it can be used as a tool to assess pediatric cardiac surgical performance and outcomes.
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