The problem of non-Newtonian Casson thin film flow of an electrically conducting fluid on a horizontal elastic sheet was studied using suitable dimensionless transformations on equations representing ...the problem. The thin film flow and heat mechanism coupled with mass transfer characteristics are basically governed by the slip velocity, magnetic field, and the dissipation phenomenon. The present numerical analysis by the shooting method was carried out to study the detailed, fully developed heat and mass transfer techniques in the laminar thin film layer by solving the competent controlling equations with eight dominant parameters for the thin liquid film. Additionally, the predicted drag force
skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were correlated. In view of the present study, a smaller magnetic parameter or a smaller slip velocity parameter exerts very good influence on the development of the liquid film thickness for the non-Newtonian Casson model. Furthermore, a boost in the parameter of unsteadiness causes an increase in both velocity distribution and concentration distribution in thin film layer while an increase in the same parameter causes a reduction in the film thickness. Likewise, the present results are observed to be in an excellent agreement with those offered previously by other authors. Finally, some of the physical parameters in this study, which can serve as improvement factors for heat mass transfer and thermophysical characteristics, make nanofluids premium candidates for important future engineering applications.
This paper presents a numerical investigation of the flow of a non-Newtonian tangent hyperbolic nanofluid over a nonlinearly stretched surface, taking into account factors such as thermal radiation, ...prescribed surface temperature, and a chemical reaction mechanism. Furthermore, the analysis includes the consideration of both viscous dissipation and the influence of a magnetic field within a Darcy porous medium. A mathematical framework for addressing the issue, rooted in the principles of conserving momentum, energy, and mass. The MATHEMATICA tools were employed to apply the shooting technique in order to solve the modeled equations describing the temperature, velocity, and concentration fields of the proposed physical system. Graphs are used to illustrate how certain key parameters affect the profiles of concentration, velocity, and temperature. Data tables are utilized to display information pertaining to the local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number, and local skin friction coefficient. The present results have been confirmed through a comparison with previously published findings. This research holds significant importance as it focuses on the extensive utilization of tangent hyperbolic nanofluids in cooling electronic components that produce substantial heat during their operation. The observed pattern indicates that as the local Weisbsenberg number, magnetic number, local porous parameter, and power law index increase, there is a reduction in the boundary layer thickness. Conversely, in the instances of concentration and temperature distributions, an escalation in these parameters leads to an expansion of the boundary layer thickness.
The main aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of non-uniform heat generation and viscous dissipation on the boundary layer flow of a power-law nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet. ...Within the thermal domain, the analysis considers both thermal radiation and variable thermal conductivity. Through the use of similarity transformations, the governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a system of ODEs. The spectral collocation method (SCM) with shifted Vieta-Lucas polynomials (VLPs) is implemented to give an approximate expression for the derivatives and then use it to numerically solve the proposed system of equations. By employing this technique, the system of ODEs is converted into a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. The dimensionless temperature, concentration, and velocity are graphically presented and analyzed for various values of the relevant governing parameters. Through the presented graphical solutions, we can see that the main outcomes indicate that an increase in the power law index, thermal conductivity parameter, and radiation parameter leads to a noticeable decrease in the local Nusselt number, with reductions of around 0.05 percent, 0.23 percent, and 0.11 percent, respectively. In contrast, the Prandtl parameter demonstrates an opposing effect, elevating the local Nusselt number by about 0.1 percent. We validated the accuracy of the numerical solutions by comparing them in some special cases with existing literature.
The flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian power-law fluid over a non-linearly stretching surface has been studied numerically under conditions of constant heat flux and thermal radiation and ...evaluated for the effect of wall slip. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations which are using appropriate boundary conditions for various physical parameters. The remaining set of ordinary differential equations is solved numerically by fourth-order Runge–Kutta method using the shooting technique. The effects of the viscosity, the slip velocity, the radiation parameter, power-law index, and the Prandtl number on the flow and temperature profiles are presented. Moreover, the local skin friction and Nusselt numbers are presented. Comparison of numerical results is made with the earlier published results under limiting cases.
Numerical and theoretical examinations of the viscous dissipation phenomenon on the viscoelastic fluid flow of type Walters’ liquid B model which is passing over a stretching sheet are described. The ...significance of both slip phenomenon and magnetic field in stimulating the heat transfer process is the main cause for considering them in this study. On the other hand, to gain high precision in our numerical study, some of fluid properties are assumed to depend on the fluid temperature. Since, both the viscosity and the conductivity of the fluid which are changing with temperature are taken into consideration, therefore, our obtained results are much more reliable than those the similar previous researches. In addition, this described physical problem is governed by three partial differential equations. After introducing suitable dimensionless variables, two differential equations are created: the first is of fourth order, whereas the second one is of second order. These two equations along with appropriate boundary conditions are then numerically solved via the shooting technique. Finally, in the light of the prominent outcomes, for both the viscoelastic and viscosity parameters growth, the enhancement of the sheet velocity is remarkable, whereas the drastically drop for the sheet velocity was observed for the magnetic parameter.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus triggered a worldwide crisis, with world nations putting up massive efforts to halt its spread. Molnupiravir (MLN) was the first oral, direct-acting antiviral drug approved ...for nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 infection with favorable safety and tolerability profile. This study aims at determination of MLN and N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), its main degradation product and its main metabolite, using sensitive, simple, and green HPLC–DAD method. Moreover, under different stress conditions using NaOH, HCl, neutral, H
2
O
2
, dry heat and sun light, the method was applied for MLN assay along with kinetics degradation investigation. The linearity range for MLN and NHC were both 0.1–100 µg/mL with LOD and LOQ of 0.013 & 0.043 and 0.003 & 0.011 µg/mL, for MLN and NHC, respectively. MLN was found to be extremely vulnerable to alkali hydrolysis compared with acid and dry heat degradation. In contrast, MLN was stable under conditions of oxidative, neutral, and sunlight-induced deterioration. Acid and alkali-induced degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics model. In addition, LC–MS-UV was used to suggest the mechanism of the stress-induced degradation route and to characterize the eluted degradation products. Toxicities of both MLN and its degradation products were evaluated using ProTox-II and they were found to be negligibly harmful. The proposed HPLC–DAD was effectively used for the analysis of MLN in commercial pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method for MLN determination after greenness and whiteness appraisal was found to be superior compared to the reported methods for MLN analysis.
This work will scrutinize the flow of non-Newtonian Sisko fluid owing to a nonlinearly stretching sheet. The mingle effect of viscous dissipation and non-uniform heat generation are also supposed in ...this work. In our work, we contribute toward gaining the similar solution for our problem. Eventually, the group of equations controlling the problem is reduced to a couple of characteristic equations, the first represents the momentum whereas the second is the energy equation. Shooting method is then applied further to get the numerical solution for this yielded set of equations. Also, this proposed model may enable us to evaluate both the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number. Finally, our proposed research agrees very well with related works.
Abstract
This paper investigates the cavity–magnon steering and qubit–qubit steering of a hybrid quantum system consisting of a single-mode magnon, a two-qubit state, and a single-mode cavity field ...in the presence of their damping rates. The temporal wave vector of the system is obtained for the initial maximally entangled two-qubit state and initial vacuum state of the magnon and cavity modes. Additionally, the mathematical inequalities for obtaining the cavity–magnon steering and qubit–qubit steering are introduced. The findings reveal that steering between the magnon and cavity is asymmetric, while steering between the two qubits is symmetric in our system. Increasing the atom–field coupling improves steering from magnon to field, while reducing steering between the two qubits. Moreover, increasing magnon–field coupling enhances and elevates the lower bounds of qubit–qubit steering. Further, adding the damping rates causes deterioration of the cavity–magnon steering and qubit–qubit steering. However, the steering persistence is slightly greater when damping originates from the cavity field rather than the magnon modes based on the coupling parameters.
In this work, hardness, tensile, impact, bearing strength and water absorption tests were performed to study the mechanical properties of stepwise graded and non-graded hybrid nanocomposites. Three ...different stepwise graded nanocomposites and one non-graded (homogeneous) nanocomposite with the same geometry and total nanoclay content of 10 wt% were designed and prepared. Moreover, one neat glass fiber laminate was manufactured. The results of the tests indicated that addition of the graded and non-graded nanoclay improves hardness over neat glass fiber reinforcement. The maximum increase in hardness of about 53% over neat specimen is obtained for specimens that have the highest weight percentage (2 wt%) of the clay nanoparticles on its surface (S-specimen and the side of F-specimen that reinforced with 2 wt% nanoclay). The gradation process results in an increase in hardness of about 11% compared with non-graded (homogeneous) specimen. In addition, an improvement of 11.9% in strain-to-failure is achieved with specimen having greatest amount of nanoclay in the middle over neat glass fiber/epoxy composite. The other nanoclay-filled glass fiber composites have strain-to-failure close to neat glass fiber/epoxy. The addition of nanoclay reinforcement has insignificant effect on ultimate tensile strength, tensile modulus, water absorption, bearing strength and impact strength compared with neat glass fiber/epoxy.
This article is devoted to describing the boundary layer flow and heat transfer for an electrically conducting Casson fluid over a permeable stretching surface with second-order slip velocity model ...and thermal slip conditions in the presence of internal heat generation/absorption and thermal radiation. The basic equations governing the flow and heat transfer are in the form of partial differential equations; the same have been reduced to a set of highly non-linear ordinary differential equations by applying suitable similarity transformations. Exact solution corresponding to momentum equation is obtained, and, in the case of no slip conditions, we get the exact solutions for both momentum and energy equation. The resulting similarity equations are solved numerically by shooting method. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. In the present work the effect of magnetic parameter, suction/injection parameter, Casson parameter, slip parameters, radiation parameter, internal heat generation/absorption parameter and the Prandtl number on flow and heat transfer characteristics have been discussed. Also, the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number at the sheet are computed and discussed. It is found that the temperature rises to a higher value when the Casson parameter increases but the reverse is true for the velocity distribution. Finally, increasing the velocity and thermal slip parameters makes the rate of heat transfer decrease.
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