Urbanization is the main driver of expanding industry, transport, and buildings at the cost of green spaces in the world’s mega cities. Consequently, an immense land use change is related to local ...climate modification in urban areas. The process of urbanization in the city of Lahore is posing severe environmental issues such as recent smog events. The objective here is to determine and analyze the spatial variability of land surface temperature (LST) caused by the land use land cover (LULC) change between the year 1996 and 2016 in Lahore in the context of urbanization and, based on this, to predict the land use change and corresponding increase in LST in 2035. To quantify LULC change during the 1996–2016 period, we used supervised maximum likelihood method and ground observations from 400 locations to classify the satellite imagery from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)/Operational Land Imager (OLI) for the years 1996, 2010, and 2016. Moreover, to better understand spatial variability of surface urban heat island (UHI) with the process of urbanization, various indicators were derived from the remote sensing imagery, including the normalized difference vegetation and built-up indices (i.e., NDVI and NDBI, respectively). Moreover, we used an RS-integrated multi-layer perceptron-Markov chain analysis (MLP-MCA) model to predict the LULC change from the year 2016 to 2035 so that the predicted LULC change, as a driver of UHI, can be related to the future local climate of the city. Through relating LST with NDVI and NDBI, we reveal that rapid developments in the residential/infrastructural sectors are causing an immense degradation in the city vegetation areas. The LULC change analyses show that about 9% decrease in green areas during 1996–2016 caused an increase in 6
∘
C around the built-up areas and an overall difference of 4.8
∘
C between built-up and nearby sub-urban vegetation areas. Keeping this and MLP-MCA-based predictions for 2035 in view, we conclude that a future 3% decrease in vegetation-covered green areas will approximately cause an increase of 2
∘
C by 2035. The research output will help the city government and local developers to devise sustainable policies for land use planning and urban development.
In this work, we discussed the Davies-type phase transitions in two distinct categories of dyonic AdS black holes (BHs). The first one is dyonic AdS BHs within four-dimensional spacetime framework. ...The second one is the dyonic BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism (QE) in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity (EGBG). First, we analyze the increasing and decreasing behavior of divergency depending upon different parameters which provides useful information about the region that are physical and stable. We also discuss the critical behavior of BHs in three different statistical ensembles: the canonical, mixed and grand canonical. It is noted that BHs can be classified into distinct topological classes based on their topological charge (Q) which assumes discrete values of 0,+1,−1. This topological charge plays a pivotal role in determining the phase structure and stability of the BHs within each ensemble. A topological charge of 0 corresponds to a neutral topological state that could be indicative of a more complex underlying structure, while charges of +1 or −1 indicate the presence of additional structures such as magnetic monopoles or dyons, which significantly influence the thermodynamic properties and phase transitions of the system.
Recent advancements in computer science and engineering have significantly boosted interest in and success rate of speech recognition systems. Sophisticated speech recognition systems are being ...developed for a variety of languages having wide-spread applications. Arabic being one of the most widely used languages in the world, augmented by religious importance, is a potential candidate in this domain, however rich vocabulary and multiple dialects open up new challenges for development of Arabic speech recognition processes. This paper focuses on development of an Arabic isolated speech recognition system for the vocabulary of Holy Quran using Mel frequency cepstral coefficients and deep neural networks. The proposed system is capable of identifying individual words from a recited verse with reasonable accuracy. It targets the 362 unique words of the first and the last 19 chapters of the Holy Quran and uses 14 hours of audio data to demonstrate the working prototype of the system. A user-friendly, web-based application has also been developed for transcription of recitations. The software is specified to make an effort in spreading the right way of recitation of the Holy Quran. The presented architecture can be extended to a complete automatic speech recognition system to help people practice recitations, mapping speech to transcription and then matching the transcribed utterance with standard templates of correct recitation to identify reciter’s short comings.
In this work, we investigate the thermodynamic properties of black holes (BHs) that have non-trivial topological features in their phase diagrams. We consider three different models of BHs: (1) a ...class of BHs in dRGT massive gravity, which adds a mass term to general relativity; (2) a class of BHs in 5D Yang–Mills massive gravity, which combines dRGT massive gravity with a non-Abelian gauge field; and (3) a D-dimensional RN-AdS BH surrounded by Quintessence and a cloud of strings, which are strange forms of matter that change the thermodynamics of the BH. Our goal is to find the critical points of these BHs, which provide the location of first-order phase transitions, and figure out their corresponding topological charges. Topological charges are numbers that show how complicated the BH topology is. Then, we look at these BHs as topological defects in the thermodynamic domain, which is the space of thermodynamic variables like pressure and temperature. We calculate winding numbers to analyze topology on a global and local scale at these defects, which are integers that indicate how many times a curve encircling the defect wraps around the origin. Our analysis reveals that the total topological charge is either equal to 0 or 1 for all models, meaning that the BHs have either a trivial or simple topology. In some cases, we see that the BHs’ topology belongs to a different thermodynamic topological class. This means that the BHs can go through topological phase transitions.
•We investigate the thermodynamic properties of black holes (BHs).•We consider dRGT, Yang–Mills and D-dimensional RN-AdS BH massive gravity models.•We find the critical points of these BHs.•Then, we look at these BHs as topological defects in the thermodynamic domain.•We calculate winding numbers to analyze topology on a global and local scale at these defects.
This paper is devoted to study the thermodynamic topological defects, Joule–Thomson (J−T) and Maxwell’s equal area law of Phantom RN AdS black holes (BHs). The inversion temperatures and inversion ...curves are obtained and by using the isenthalpic curves in the temperature–pressure (T−P) plane to locate the cooling and heating regions. Using Maxwell’s equal-area law, we select different independent conjugate variables to study the phase transitions of Phantom RN AdS BHs. We find that phase transition rely on the electric potential and horizon radius of the BH when its charge is constant. Phase transition of Phantom RN AdS BH are proportional to the ratio of event horizon to its cosmological constant, where the latter is assumed to be constant. Moreover, we consider the Phantom RN AdS BH as defects with a topological nature within thermodynamic domain and examine the local and global topology by computing the winding numbers at the defects, which concludes that the overall topological charge is either equal to 0 or 1.
•Study of thermodynamic topological defects in Phantom RN AdS black holes (BHs).•Determination of inversion temperatures and curves, locating cooling and heating regions.•Application of Maxwell’s equal-area law to analyze phase transitions using different conjugate variables.•Phase transitions in Phantom RN AdS BHs depend on electric potential and horizon radius under constant charge.•Examination of thermodynamic topology and computation of topological charges for critical points.
This work investigates the thermodynamics, phase transition, and topological classes of Neutral Gauss–Bonnet (GB) AdS black holes (BHs) in 5D. We obtain equations for several thermodynamic quantities ...for the Neutral GB of AdS BHs by using the well-known properties of BH thermodynamics. We find thermal stability and other significant thermodynamical parameters that assist us study stability and criticality. Thermodynamic features of Neutral GB AdS BHs are graphically explored by utilizing (Cp), (T−S), (P−rh), and G, volume expansivity (β), isothermal compressibility (κ). Second-order phase transitions, like Cp−S illustrates the divergence behavior. In addition, the swallow tail behavior finds the stability and instability of small black holes (SBH), intermediate black holes (IBH), and large black holes (LBH). Also, our investigation focuses on analyzing the topology of thermodynamic critical points and calculating their respective topological charges within the canonical and grand canonical ensembles. This analysis allows us to discuss the ensemble dependence of the Neutral GB-AdS BH exists.
•Thermodynamics, phase transition and topological classes of BHs in 5 D are discussed.•We find thermal stability and other significant thermodynamical parameters.•The swallow-tail behavior finds the stability and instability of SBH, IBH, and LBH.•Analyze the topology of thermodynamic critical points and topological charges.•This analysis allows us to discuss the ensemble dependence neutral GB-AdS BH exists.
In this work, we study the thermodynamics and topological classes of regular black holes (RBH) in three dimensions, with charge, zero point length and rotational parameters in canonical, mixed and ...grand canonical ensembles. We consider the RBH in three dimensions with zero point length as defects with a topological nature within the thermodynamic domain and examine the local and global topology. We found that for non-rotating 3D RBH, the total topological number is 1 in the canonical ensemble whereas 0 in mixed and grand canonical ensembles While for rotating (rot) 3D RBH, the total topological number is 1 in the canonical ensemble, 0 in mixed ensemble, whereas −1 in grand canonical ensemble. We also found that for j=0, Q=0 the topological number is +1.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of shoulder pain and functional disability (SPFD) in Type-1 diabetic patients, and to explore its association with duration of the disease, age and gender.
...Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on previously diagnosed patients with Type-1 diabetes mellitus between April 2019 and March 2020. Data was collected from six hospitals including three tertiary care hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Three hundred and twenty-eight patients were recruited through convenience sampling. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index was used to determine SPFD among participants. Point-biserial and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to find out the correlation between the variables. Independent t-test was used to determine the difference in the mean scores between the variables.
Results: The prevalence of SPFD was found 85.7%. A significant correlation was found of the SPFD with age (r = 0.332, p < 0.001), duration of the diabetes mellitus (r = 0.154, p = 0.005) and gender (rpb = 0.171, p = 0.002). A significant difference was found in SPFD mean scores between female and male patients (female patients = 43.42±22.80, male patients = 35.31±22.91, p = 0.002).
Conclusion: SPFD seems prevalent among Type-1 diabetic patients. Increasing age, long history of diabetes mellitus and female gender appear the associated risk factors for the shoulder pain and disability.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3401
How to cite this:Farooq MN, Mehmood A, Amjad F, Syed J. Shoulder pain and functional disability in type 1 diabetic patients: A cross-sectional survey. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):1211-1214. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3401
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In this work, we investigate the thermodynamic properties of black holes (BHs) that have non-trivial topological features in their phase diagrams. We consider three different models of BHs: (1) a ...class of BHs in dRGT massive gravity, which adds a mass term to general relativity; (2) a class of BHs in 5D Yang-Mills massive gravity, which combines dRGT massive gravity with a non-Abelian gauge field; and (3) a D-dimensional RN-AdS BH surrounded by Quintessence and a cloud of strings, which are strange forms of matter that change the thermodynamics of the BH. Our goal is to find the critical points of these BHs, which provide the location of first-order phase transitions and figure out their corresponding topological charges. Topological charges are numbers that show how complicated the BH topology is. Then, we look at these BHs as topological defects in the thermodynamic domain, which is the space of thermodynamic variables like pressure and temperature. We calculate winding numbers to analyze topology on a global and local scale at these defects, which are integers that indicate how many times a curve encircling the defect wraps around the origin. Our analysis reveals that the total topological charge is either equal to 0 or 1 for all models, meaning that the BHs have either a trivial or simple topology. In some cases, we see that the BH's topology belongs to a different thermodynamic topological class. This means that the BHs can go through topological phase transitions.
Health is an essential element that enables people to spend their life with great potential. A healthy life helps to live with confidence and self-esteem. At the macro level, the key foundation of ...economic development is health. On the micro-level, health can efficiently ensure people’s productive and gratifying life. Health affects economic growth in any ways i.e. workers' poor health causes a reduction in productivity, on the other hand, due to healthy nutrition productivity rises. The core objective of conducting this study is to investigate the impact of human health on worker productivity. The health proxies that are used in this study is life expectancy. The indicator of education is the school enrollment at the secondary level; labor force and gross capital formation are also used as independent variables. The study used a panel of South Asian countries from 1991 to 2019, by applying panel OLS, fixed-effects model, random-effects model, and generalized method of moments (GMM). The results demonstrate that health and education significantly and positively influence productivity. This study recommends that the government of every South Asian country should take essential steps and make policies regarding improvement in health status and advancement in the education system.
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