Abstract
We use public data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) to measure the radial profiles of the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect and dust emission ...around massive quiescent galaxies at
z
≈ 1. Using survey data from the Dark Energy Survey and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer, we selected 387,627 quiescent galaxies within the ACT field, with a mean stellar
log
10
(
M
⋆
/
M
⊙
)
of 11.40. A subset of 94,452 galaxies, with a mean stellar
log
10
(
M
⋆
/
M
⊙
)
of 11.36, are also covered by SPT. In
0
.′
5
bins around these galaxies, we detect the tSZ profile at levels up to 11
σ
, and dust profile up to 20
σ
. Both profiles are extended, and the dust profile slope at large radii is consistent with galaxy clustering. We analyze the thermal energy and dust mass versus stellar mass via integration within
R
=
2
.′
0
circular apertures and fit them with a forward-modeled power law to correct for our photometric stellar mass uncertainties. At the mean log stellar mass of our Overlap and Wide-Area Samples, respectively, we extract thermal energies from the tSZ of
E
pk
=
6.45
−
1.52
+
1.67
×
10
60
erg
and
8.20
−
0.52
+
0.52
×
10
60
erg
,
most consistent with moderate to high levels of active galactic nucleus feedback acting upon the circumgalactic medium. Dust masses at the mean log stellar mass are
M
d
,
pk
=
6.23
−
0.67
+
0.67
×
10
8
M
⊙
and
6.76
−
0.56
+
0.56
×
10
8
M
⊙
,
respectively, and we find a greater than linear dust-to-stellar mass relation, which indicates that the more-massive galaxies in our study retain more dust. Our work highlights the current capabilities of stacking millimeter data around individual galaxies and their potential for future use.
Abstract
We use combined South Pole Telescope (SPT)+Planck temperature maps to analyze the circumgalactic medium (CGM) encompassing 138,235 massive, quiescent 0.5 ≤
z
≤ 1.5 galaxies selected from ...data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Images centered on these galaxies were cut from the 1.85 arcmin resolution maps with frequency bands at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. The images were stacked, filtered, and fit with a graybody dust model to isolate the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) signal, which is proportional to the total energy contained in the CGM of the galaxies. We separated these
M
⋆
= 10
10.9
M
⊙
–10
12
M
⊙
galaxies into 0.1 dex stellar mass bins, detecting tSZ per bin up to 5.6
σ
and a total signal-to-noise ratio of 10.1
σ
. We also detect dust with an overall signal-to-noise ratio of 9.8
σ
, which overwhelms the tSZ at 150 GHz more than in other lower-redshift studies. We corrected for the 0.16 dex uncertainty in the stellar mass measurements by parameter fitting for an unconvolved power-law energy-mass relation,
E
therm
=
E
therm
,
peak
M
⋆
/
M
⋆
,
peak
α
, with the peak stellar mass distribution of our selected galaxies defined as
M
⋆,peak
= 2.3 × 10
11
M
⊙
. This yields an
E
therm
,
peak
=
5.98
−
1.00
+
1.02
×
10
60
erg and
α
=
3.77
−
0.74
+
0.60
. These are consistent with
z
≈ 0 observations and within the limits of moderate models of active galactic nucleus feedback. We also computed the radial profile of our full sample, which is similar to that recently measured at lower-redshift by Schaan et al.
Millimeter astronomy unlocks a window to the earliest produced light in the universe, called the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Through analysis of the CMB, overarching features about the ...universe’s evolution and structure can be better understood. Modern millimeter-wave instruments are constantly seeking improvements to sensitivity in the effort to further constrain small CMB anisotropies in both temperature and polarization. As a result, detailed investigations into lesser-known processes of the universe are now becoming possible.Here I present work on the millimeter-wavelength analysis of z ≈ 1 quiescent galaxy samples, whose conspicuous quenching of star formation is likely the result of active galactic nuclei (AGN) accretion onto supermassive black holes. Such AGN feedback would heat up a galaxy’s surrounding circumgalactic medium (CGM). Obscured by signal from cold dust, I isolate the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, a CMB temperature anisotropy produced by hot ionized gas, to measure the CGM’s average thermal energy and differentiate between AGN accretion models. I find a median thermal energy that best corresponds with moderate to high levels of AGN feedback. In addition, the radial profile of cold dust associated with the galaxy samples appears to be consistent with large-scale clustering of the universe. In the endeavor of increasingly efficient millimeter-wave detectors, I also describe the design process for novel multichroic dual-polarization antennas. Paired with extended hemispherical lenslets, simulations of these superconducting antennas show the potential to match or exceed performance compared to similar designs already in use. A prototype detector array, with dual-bowtie and hybrid trapezoidal antennas coupled to microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) has been made and is under preparation to be tested in the near future.Finally, I also present my contributions to the cryogenic readout design of the Ali CMB Polarization Telescope (AliCPT), a large-scale CMB telescope geared towards searching the Northern Hemisphere sky for a unique ‘B-mode’ polarization expected to be produced by primordial gravitational waves. Cryogenic readout is responsible for successful interfacing between room temperature electronics and sensitive detectors operating on AliCPT’s sub-Kelvin temperature focal plane. The development of millimeter-wave instruments and future endeavors show great potential for the overall scientific community.
Laboratory Integration of the AliCPT-1 Receiver Salatino, Maria; Withers, Matthew O.; Kuo, Chao-Lin ...
IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity,
08/2023, Letnik:
33, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Ali Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Polarization Telescope (AliCPT-1) will be the first large-scale microwave focal plane polarimeter, with <inline-formula><tex-math ...notation="LaTeX">>\!10^{4}</tex-math></inline-formula> detectors, dedicated to ground-based CMB observations in the Northern Hemisphere. The observatory is on the Tibetan plateau. AliCPT-1 will observe the sky with polarization sensitive Transition-Edge Sensors (TESes) in two frequency bands centered at 90 and 150 GHz. A 72 cm aperture refracting cryogenic telescope, cooled down to 4 K, will focus the sky radiation on a focal plane unit designed to host up to 32,376 detectors in 19 detector modules cooled down to 280 mK. The TESes will be read out with a microwave multiplexing architecture with a multiplexing factor up to 1,820 and a RFSoC-based room temperature readout electronics. The first detector and cryogenic multiplexer unit have been separately assembled and characterized under dark conditions. The cryostat has been successfully characterized at cryogenic temperatures, and the basic operation of the warm RFSoC system for a single detector unit has been demonstrated. Here we present the performance of the receiver before the integration of the first detector module. AliCPT-1 is a unique and powerful degree-scale CMB experiment through its combination of a unique site, large focal plane, and new enabling readout technologies.
Ali CMB Polarization Telescope (AliCPT) is the first Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarimeter with a large focal plane camera to be deployed in the Northern Hemisphere, in the Tibetan Plateau. ...Here we present the design of a dichroic (90/150 GHz) focal plane camera capable of hosting up to 32,376 Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers operating from a base temperature of 280 mK. Detectors are fabricated as monolithic arrays of 1,704 feedhorn-coupled and polarization-sensitive TES bolometers that are packaged in independent modules and read out with a microwave multiplexing architecture. A custom RFSoC-based system manages the multiplexing readout. Prototype AliCPT pixels have been fabricated and characterized, demonstrating passband performance within 2.5% of design and cross-polarization systematic sensitivity <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\leq</tex-math></inline-formula>2%.
We use public data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Atacama Cosmology
Telescope (ACT) to measure radial profiles of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich
(tSZ) effect and dust emission around massive ...quiescent galaxies at
$z\approx1.$ Using survey data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and Wide-Field
infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), we selected $387,627$ quiescent galaxies
within the ACT field, with a mean stellar $\log_{10}(M_{\star}/\rm{M_{\odot}})$
of $11.40$. A subset of $94,452$ galaxies, with a mean stellar
$\log_{10}(M_{\star}/\rm{M_{\odot}})$ of $11.36,$ are also covered by SPT. In
$0.5$ arcminute radial bins around these galaxies, we detect the tSZ profile at
levels up to $11\sigma$, and dust profile up to $20\sigma.$ Both profiles are
extended, and the dust profile slope at large radii is consistent with galaxy
clustering. We analyze the thermal energy and dust mass versus stellar mass via
integration within $R=2.0$ arcminute circular apertures and fit them with a
forward-modeled power-law to correct for our photometric stellar mass
uncertainty. At the mean log stellar mass of our overlap and wide-area samples,
respectively, we extract thermal energies from the tSZ of
$E_{\rm{pk}}=6.45_{-1.52}^{+1.67}\times10^{60}{\rm{ erg}}$ and
$8.20_{-0.52}^{+0.52}\times10^{60}{\rm{ erg}},$ most consistent with moderate
to high levels of active galactic nuclei feedback acting upon the
circumgalactic medium. Dust masses at the mean log stellar mass are
$M_{\rm{d,pk}}=6.23_{-0.67}^{+0.67}\times10^{8}\rm{ M_{\odot}}$ and
$6.76_{-0.56}^{+0.56}\times10^{8}\rm{ M_{\odot}},$ and we find a greater than
linear dust-to-stellar mass relation, which indicates that the more massive
galaxies in our study retain more dust. Our work highlights current
capabilities of stacking millimeter data around individual galaxies and
potential for future use.
We use combined South Pole Telescope (SPT)+Planck temperature maps to analyze
the circumgalactic medium (CGM) encompassing 138,235 massive, quiescent 0.5
$\leq$ z $\leq$ 1.5 galaxies selected from ...data from the Dark Energy Survey
(DES) and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Images centered on these
galaxies were cut from the 1.85 arcmin resolution maps with frequency bands at
95, 150, and 220 GHz. The images were stacked, filtered, and fit with a
gray-body dust model to isolate the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) signal,
which is proportional to the total energy contained in the CGM of the galaxies.
We separate these $M_{\star} = 10^{10.9} M_\odot$ - $10^{12} M_\odot$ galaxies
into 0.1 dex stellar mass bins, detecting tSZ per bin up to $5.6\sigma$ and a
total signal-to-noise ratio of $10.1\sigma$. We also detect dust with an
overall signal-to-noise ratio of $9.8\sigma$, which overwhelms the tSZ at
150GHz more than in other lower-redshift studies. We correct for the $0.16$ dex
uncertainty in the stellar mass measurements by parameter fitting for an
unconvolved power-law energy-mass relation, $E_{\rm therm} = E_{\rm therm,peak}
\left(M_\star/M_{\star,{\rm peak}} \right)^\alpha$, with the peak stellar mass
distribution of our selected galaxies defined as $M_{\star,{\rm peak}}= 2.3
\times 10^{11} M_\odot$. This yields an $E_{\rm therm,peak}=
5.98_{-1.00}^{+1.02} \times 10^{60}$ erg and $\alpha=3.77_{-0.74}^{+0.60}$.
These are consistent with $z \approx 0$ observations and within the limits of
moderate models of active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback. We also compute the
radial profile of our full sample, which is similar to that recently measured
at lower-redshift by Schaan et al. (2021).
We use combined South Pole Telescope (SPT)+Planck temperature maps to analyze the circumgalactic medium (CGM) encompassing 138,235 massive, quiescent 0.5 \(\leq\) z \(\leq\) 1.5 galaxies selected ...from data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Images centered on these galaxies were cut from the 1.85 arcmin resolution maps with frequency bands at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. The images were stacked, filtered, and fit with a gray-body dust model to isolate the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) signal, which is proportional to the total energy contained in the CGM of the galaxies. We separate these \(M_{\star} = 10^{10.9} M_\odot\) - \(10^{12} M_\odot\) galaxies into 0.1 dex stellar mass bins, detecting tSZ per bin up to \(5.6\sigma\) and a total signal-to-noise ratio of \(10.1\sigma\). We also detect dust with an overall signal-to-noise ratio of \(9.8\sigma\), which overwhelms the tSZ at 150GHz more than in other lower-redshift studies. We correct for the \(0.16\) dex uncertainty in the stellar mass measurements by parameter fitting for an unconvolved power-law energy-mass relation, \(E_{\rm therm} = E_{\rm therm,peak} \left(M_\star/M_{\star,{\rm peak}} \right)^\alpha\), with the peak stellar mass distribution of our selected galaxies defined as \(M_{\star,{\rm peak}}= 2.3 \times 10^{11} M_\odot\). This yields an \(E_{\rm therm,peak}= 5.98_{-1.00}^{+1.02} \times 10^{60}\) erg and \(\alpha=3.77_{-0.74}^{+0.60}\). These are consistent with \(z \approx 0\) observations and within the limits of moderate models of active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback. We also compute the radial profile of our full sample, which is similar to that recently measured at lower-redshift by Schaan et al. (2021).
We use public data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) to measure radial profiles of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect and dust emission around massive ...quiescent galaxies at \(z\approx1.\) Using survey data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and Wide-Field infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), we selected \(387,627\) quiescent galaxies within the ACT field, with a mean stellar \(\log_{10}(M_{\star}/\rm{M_{\odot}})\) of \(11.40\). A subset of \(94,452\) galaxies, with a mean stellar \(\log_{10}(M_{\star}/\rm{M_{\odot}})\) of \(11.36,\) are also covered by SPT. In \(0.5\) arcminute radial bins around these galaxies, we detect the tSZ profile at levels up to \(11\sigma\), and dust profile up to \(20\sigma.\) Both profiles are extended, and the dust profile slope at large radii is consistent with galaxy clustering. We analyze the thermal energy and dust mass versus stellar mass via integration within \(R=2.0\) arcminute circular apertures and fit them with a forward-modeled power-law to correct for our photometric stellar mass uncertainty. At the mean log stellar mass of our overlap and wide-area samples, respectively, we extract thermal energies from the tSZ of \(E_{\rm{pk}}=6.45_{-1.52}^{+1.67}\times10^{60}{\rm{ erg}}\) and \(8.20_{-0.52}^{+0.52}\times10^{60}{\rm{ erg}},\) most consistent with moderate to high levels of active galactic nuclei feedback acting upon the circumgalactic medium. Dust masses at the mean log stellar mass are \(M_{\rm{d,pk}}=6.23_{-0.67}^{+0.67}\times10^{8}\rm{ M_{\odot}}\) and \(6.76_{-0.56}^{+0.56}\times10^{8}\rm{ M_{\odot}},\) and we find a greater than linear dust-to-stellar mass relation, which indicates that the more massive galaxies in our study retain more dust. Our work highlights current capabilities of stacking millimeter data around individual galaxies and potential for future use.
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