The response to salt stress analysed by quantitative and qualitative analyses in three selected moss species was studied. Non-halophytic funaroid
and two halophytic mosses, funaroid
and pottioid
were ...exposed to salt stress under controlled in vitro conditions. The results clearly showed various phenolics to be present and included to some extent as a non-enzymatic component of oxidative, i.e., salt stress. The common pattern of responses characteristic of phenolic compounds was not present in these moss species, but in all three species the role of phenolics to stress tolerance was documented. The phenolic p-coumaric acid detected in all three species is assumed to be a common phenolic included in the antioxidative response and salt-stress tolerance. Although the stress response in each species also included other phenolics, the mechanisms were different, and also dependent on the stress intensity and duration.
Introduction Plants respond to water stress with a variety of physiological and biochemical changes, but their response varies among species, varieties and cultivars. Waterlogging in tomato reduces ...plant growth, degrade chlorophyll and increase concentration of oxidative parameters. Priming can alleviate stress in plants caused by waterlogging enabling plants to be more tolerant to an additional stress in the current or even subsequent generation. The aim of this study was to evaluate tomato genotypes for their sensitivity to waterlogging stress applied during early vegetative growth and at full flowering stage. Materials and methods The study included two local genotypes, Trebinjski sitni (GB1126) and Žuti (GB1129), and the reference variety Novosadski jabučar (NJ), which is the variety most commonly used in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The activity of class III peroxidase (POX), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured spectrophotometrically, and for quantification of individual phenolic compounds, targeted approach was adopted, using UHPLC/DAD/(-)HESI-MS 2 instrument (Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system with a DAD detector, configured with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQ Quantum Access Max (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany)). Results and discussion Oxidative parameters (H 2 O 2 and MDA) exhibited an increase in content in leaves of tomato plants that underwent waterlogging stress compared to control plants. Moreover, oxidative parameters showed positive correlation with proteins and phenolics content. The obtained correlations can indicate that one of the response strategies of tomato plants to waterlogging is the increased synthesis of proteins and phenolic compounds. The POX activity was not correlated with other parameters except with the polyphenols. A positive correlation was shown between POX activity and the content of phenolic compounds, indicating their independent roles in the removal of ROS. Changes in the phenolic profiles after the exposure of plants to waterlogging stress are recorded, and these changes were more severe in leaves and fruits of GB1129 and NJ genotypes than in GB1126. Thus, genotype GB1126 is the most efficient in maintaining the phenolic profiles of leaves and fruits, and therefore of the nutritive and organoleptic qualities of fruits following the exposure to waterlogging. Also, genotype GB1126 exhibited the ability to maintain the content of oxidative parameters during waterlogging at certain growth stages, implying certain waterlogging tolerance. Conclusion Waterlogging triggered stress memory but not at all growth stages. The most pronounced stress memory was obtained in fruit samples in the phase of full fruit maturity on the 1 st truss. This study shed light on the defense mechanisms of tomato plants to repeated waterlogging stress from the perspectives of the changes in the composition of major phenolics, and pointed to the 5- O -caffeoylquinic acid and rutin as the chemical markers of the waterlogging stress tolerance in tomato. However, it remains to be determined whether this modulation has a positive or negative effect on the overall plant metabolism. Further investigations are needed to fully elucidate the benefits of waterlogging pretreatment in this context.
(L.) M. T. Sharples & E. A. Tripp (Greater Stitchwort), formerly known as
L., is widespread in the warm temperate areas of Europe and Western Asia, the Caucasus region, as well as in some countries ...of North Africa. Nowadays it is considered as a weed, but earlier it was often used raw in salads or for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. The goal of this study was to determine the constituents of the methanol extract of
aerial parts and its biological potential in terms of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Until now, the constituents and biological activities of this plant were not reported in detail. A comprehensive phytochemical profiling of the extract has shown that phenolic acids, such as ferulic, chlorogenic, and
-coumaric acid, flavonoids and flavonoid glucosides, such as chrysoeriol, rutin, and naringin, are the most abundant compounds. The antioxidant activity of
extract towards DPPH and ABTS radicals, but also the total antioxidant capacity and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation were moderate. The antimicrobial potential was pronounced mostly towards some fungi such as
(MIC 1.25 mg/mL), whereas the capacity of
to affect the growth of bacteria was much less pronounced.
extract was most inclined to anti-inflammatory activity. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL, it significantly inhibited both cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) by 71.24% and 72.83%, respectively. Molecular docking studies indicated that chlorogenic acid and chrysoeriol are the main contributors to COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity.
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•Methanol extract of Salvia verticillata L. aerial parts showed antioxidant potential.•Tested extract had good biocompatibility with moderate antimicrobial effect.•This extract was ...rich in phenolic compounds, particularly in phenolic acids.•Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives were the dominant compounds in the extract.
The plants from genus Salvia, as one of the largest genus in Lamiaceae family, are frequently in use for various purposes, as foods, in cosmetic industry, or in traditional and official medicine. Salvia verticillata L. (liliac sage) is one of sidelined sage species with potential bioactivity, reported in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to acquire a phytochemical profile of the methanol extract obtained from S. verticillata aerial parts and to evaluate its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biocompatibility potential. Characteristic compounds of the genus Salvia, such as rosmarinic and caffeic acids, along with their derivatives (e.g. salvianolic and yunnaneic acids isomers) and flavonoids, have been identified by ultrahigh-performance Orbitrap metabolomic fingerprinting as the main phenolic metabolites in S. verticillata. The extract displayed moderate antimicrobial properties and significant antioxidant potential, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration values (IC50) ranging from 33 to 73 μg/mL. Importantly, full biocompatibility of the extract with eukaryotic cell lines was observed up to 72 h. The obtained results revealed the presence of polyphenolic bioactive compounds in S. verticillata extract with promising antioxidant potential and significant biocompatibility. In this regard, S. verticillata can find new perspectives of application as a food ingredient, in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, as it represents a valuable source of compounds with prominent health properties, with a special focus on rosmarinic acid.
The aim of our study was to examine the potential ameliorating effect of the methanolic extract of Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) aerial parts against cisplatin-induced oxidative damage in ...renal, hepatic, and testicular tissues. S. hortensis methanol extract at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight were orally administered to Wistar rats once daily for 10 days. Toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg of body weight) on the 5th day of the experiment. Applied treatment with S. hortensis extract restored tissue morphology, ameliorated levels of serum parameters for liver, renal and testes function, tissue oxidative stress parameters, and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio as an indicator of apoptosis in experimental animals caused by application of cisplatin. UHPLC/DAD/HESI-MS/MS analysis revealed that S. hortensis extract was rich in phenolic compounds with rosmarinic acid (24.9 mg/g) as the main compound, followed by caffeic acid (1.28 mg/g) and naringenin (1.06 mg/g). Our findings suggest that S. hortensis may be a valuable source of dietary and pharmacologically important phenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid, in pharmaceutical and functional food formulations in order to maintain normal health conditions or as a remedy in various diseases caused by oxidative damage.
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•Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) was rich in rosmarinic acid.•S. hortensis extract improved cisplatin-induced liver, kidneys and testes injury.•S. hortensis extract per se significantly increased blood testosterone level.•Co-treatment with S. hortensis extract decreased cisplatin-induced oxidative damage of tissues.•The extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg b. w. showed the greatest modulation of cisplatin-induced toxicity.
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► Methanolic extracts of aerial part (GAA) and root (GAR) of Gentiana asclepiadea showed hepatoprotecting property. ► HPLC analysis showed that the extracts were rich in gentiopicrin. ...► GAA and GAR improved CCl4-induced liver histopathological changes and prevented the increase in serum biochemical parameters. ► GAA and GAR decreased CCl4-induced oxidative damage to the liver.
This study is an attempt to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Gentiana asclepiadea L. against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Methanol extracts of aerial parts (GAA) and roots (GAR) of G. asclepiadea at doses of 100, 200, and 400mg/kgb.w. were orally administered to Wistar rats once daily for 7days before they were treated with CCl4. The hepatoprotective activity of the extracts in this study was compared with the reference drug silymarin. In CCl4 treated animals, GAA and GAR significantly decreased levels of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, and increased the level of total protein. Treatment with the extracts resulted in a significant increase in the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione, accompanied with a marked reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde, as compared to CCl4 treated group. The histopathological studies confirmed protective effects of extracts against CCl4-induced liver injuries. No genotoxicity was observed in liver cells after GAA treatment, while GAR showed only slight genotoxic effects by comet assay. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sweroside, swertiamarin and gentiopicrin in high concentrations in both extracts. It could be concluded that the use of G. asclepiadea extracts in the treatment of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity.
Iridoids, a class of atypical monoterpenes, exhibit exceptional diversity within the
genus (subfam. Nepetoidae, fam. Lamiaceae).The majority of these plants produce iridoids of the unique ...stereochemistry, with nepetalactones (NLs) predominating; however, a few
species lack these compounds. By comparatively analyzing metabolomics, transcriptomics, gene co-expression, and phylogenetic data of the iridoid-producing
Diklić & Milojević and iridoid-lacking
Royle & Bentham, we presumed that one of the factors responsible for the absence of these compounds in
is iridoid synthase (ISY). Two orthologues of ISY were mined from leaves transcriptome of
(
PRISE1 and
PRISE2), while in
only one (
PRISE) was identified, and it was phylogenetically closer to the representatives of the Family 1 isoforms, designated as P5βRs. Organ-specific and MeJA-elicited profiling of iridoid content and co-expression analysis of IBG candidates, highlighted
and
as promising candidates for ISY orthologues, and their function was confirmed using
assays with recombinant proteins, after heterologous expression of recombinant proteins in
and their His-tag affinity purification.
PRISE2 demonstrated ISY activity both
and likely
, which was supported by the 3D modeling and molecular docking analysis, thus reclassification of
PRISE2 to
ISY is accordingly recommended.
PRISE also displays
ISY-like activity, while its role under
conditions was not here unambiguously confirmed. Most probably under
conditions the
PRISE lacks substrates to act upon, as a result of the loss of function of some of the upstream enzymes of the iridoid pathway. Our ongoing work is conducted towards re-establishing the biosynthesis of iridoids in
.
(catmint; Lamiaceae) is a perennial medicinal plant with a wide geographic distribution in Europe and Asia. This study first characterized the taxonomic position of
using DNA barcoding technology. ...Since medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites contributing to their adaptive immune response, we explored the
metabolic adjustment operating under variable environments. Through comparative analysis of wild-grown and
cultivated plants, we assessed the change in phenolic and iridoid compounds, and the associated immune activities. The wild-grown plants from different Bulgarian locations contained variable amounts of phenolic compounds manifested by a general increase in flowers, as compared to leaves, while a strong reduction was observed in the
plants. A similar trend was noted for the antioxidant and anti-herpesvirus activity of the extracts. The antimicrobial potential, however, was very similar, regardless the growth conditions. Analysis of the
extracts led to identification of 63 compounds including phenolic acids and derivatives, flavonoids, and iridoids. Quantification of the content of 21 target compounds indicated their general reduction in the extracts from
plants, and only the ferulic acid (FA) was specifically increased. Cultivation of
plants under different light quality and intensity indicated that these variable light conditions altered the content of bioactive compounds, such as aesculin, FA, rosmarinic acid, cirsimaritin, naringenin, rutin, isoquercetin, epideoxyloganic acid, chlorogenic acid. Thus, this study generated novel information on the regulation of
productivity using light and other cultivation conditions, which could be exploited for biotechnological purposes.
Spiked centaury (
) is a well-known medicinal plant from the Mediterranean region with various bioactivities, but there are no studies addressing the use of different solvent systems to improve its ...pharmacological potential. Nine extraction procedures were adapted to study the effects of solvent composition on the content of bioactive compounds in
extracts and on corresponding bioactivities. Targeted metabolomics was performed to obtain information on the chemical composition of extracts. Ethanol-water-based extraction procedures were the most efficient in isolating polyphenols, while less polar butanol extract contained the highest amount of iridoids. Antioxidant potential analysis revealed stronger activity in extracts with higher polyphenol content.
and
were designated as the most sensitive bacterial strains to the activity of extracts, while among the micromycetes tested,
was the most susceptible strain. Butanol extract showed antivirulence potential on
morphological transition from yeast to hyphal form, and selected extracts were effective against biofilm formation in two
species. All the extracts tested in this study showed no cytotoxic activity to immortalize human skin keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), whereas extracts obtained by ethanol-water extraction stand out for their potent wound healing effects. Moreover, the influence of the extraction solvent system on various bioactivities of
is reported herein for the first time. Overall, the results presented in this study promote the use of
as a source of natural products with potential antioxidant, wound healing, and antimicrobial applications that are potentially safe for human use.
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