This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary salt intake during normal pregnancy on maternal microvascular and macrovascular endothelium-dependent reactivity and oxidative stress level.
In ...this cross-sectional study, based on their 24-h urinary sodium excretion, pregnant women (37-40 weeks of gestation) were divided into three groups: normal salt (<5.75 g/day, N = 12), high salt (5.75-10.25 g/day, N = 36), and very high salt (VHS;>10.25 g/day, N = 17). Forearm skin microvascular reactivity in response to vascular occlusion, local heating (LTH) and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID), as well as brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD) were measured. Serum nitric oxide, endocan, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and ferric-reducing ability of plasma assay were measured as biomarkers of endothelial function/activation and oxidative stress.
Brachial artery FMD, microvascular AChID, and LTH were significantly decreased in VHS compared with NS group, while LTH was also decreased in normal salt compared with high salt group. Nitric oxide was significantly decreased in both high salt and VHS groups compared with normal salt. Endocan, 8-iso-PGF2α, and TBARS were significantly increased in VHS compared with the normal salt group.
High dietary salt intake is associated with decreased nitric oxide mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in peripheral microcirculation and macrocirculation of healthy pregnant women due to increased oxidative stress.
The effects of consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) enriched hen eggs on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in microcirculation, and on endothelial ...activation and inflammation were determined in young healthy individuals. Control group (
= 21) ate three regular hen eggs/daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/day), and n-3 PUFAs group (
= 19) ate three n-3 PUFAs enriched hen eggs/daily (1053 g n-3 PUFAs/day) for 3 weeks. Skin microvascular blood flow in response to iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID; endothelium-dependent) and sodium nitroprusside (SNPID; endothelium-independent) was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Blood pressure (BP), body composition, body fluid status, serum lipid and free fatty acids profile, and inflammatory and endothelial activation markers were measured before and after respective dietary protocol. Results: Serum n-3 PUFAs concentration significantly increased, AChID significantly improved, and SNPID remained unchanged in n-3 PUFAs group, while none was changed in Control group. Interferon-γ (pro-inflammatory) significantly decreased and interleukin-10 (anti-inflammatory) significantly increased in n-3 PUFAs. BP, fat free mass, and total body water significantly decreased, while fat mass, interleukin-17A (pro-inflammatory), interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor A significantly increased in the Control group. Other measured parameters remained unchanged in both groups. Favorable anti-inflammatory properties of n-3 PUFAs consumption potentially contribute to the improvement of microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy individuals.
Acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation (AChIR) and responses to reduced pO
(hypoxia-induced relaxation (HIR), 0% O
) were assessed in vitro in aortic rings of healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 252) ...under hyperbaric (HBO
) protocols. The studied groups consisted of the CTRL group (untreated); the A-HBO
group (single HBO
; 120 min of 100% O
at 2.0 bars); the 24H-HBO
group (examined 24 h after single exposure) and the 4D-HBO
group (four consecutive days of single HBO
). AChIR, sensitivity to ACh and iNOS expression were decreased in the A-HBO
group. HIR was prostanoid- and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)-mediated. HIF-1α expression was increased in the 24H-HBO
and 4D-HBO
groups. LW6 (HIF-1α inhibitor) decreased HIR in the 24H-HBO
group. HBO
affected the expression of COX-1 and COX-2. CYP2c11 expression was elevated in the 24H-HBO
and 4D-HBO
groups. Concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites 14(15)-DiHET, 11(12)-DiHET and 8(9)-DiHET were increased in A-HBO
and 24H-HBO
An increased concentration of 8(9)-EET was observed in the A-HBO
and 24h-HBO
groups vs. the CTRL and 4D-HBO
groups, and an increased concentration of 5(6)-DiHET was observed in the 24H-HBO
group vs. the 4D-HBO
group. The 20-HETE concentration was increased in the A-HBO
group. All were determined by LC-MS/MS of the aorta. The results show that AChIR in all groups is mostly NO-dependent. HIR is undoubtedly mediated by the CYP450 enzymes' metabolites of AA, whereas HIF-1α contributes to restored HIR. Vasoconstrictor metabolites of CYP450 enzymes contribute to attenuated AChIR and HIR in A-HBO
.
Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all ...vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine's biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine.
The connection between increased dietary salt intake and arterial hypertension has been recognized for a long time, even in children. This study aimed to investigate salt consumption in normotensive ...and hypertensive children and evaluate their dietary habits.
A total of fifty participants were included in this cross-sectional study: twenty-five normotensive children and 25 children of both sexes with essential arterial hypertension from 12-17 years old. Subjects' body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, body composition and arterial blood pressure were measured, and their daily salt intake was calculated from 24-h urine samples. Using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the data on the average daily total energy and food intakes were collected and analyzed using a suitable program.
Estimated daily salt intake was significantly higher in hypertensive compared to normotensive children, and this is positively associated with blood pressure and body mass index (BMI). Hypertensive children had significantly higher BMIs, which also positively correlated with blood pressure. Consistently, resting metabolic rate (kcal) is higher in hypertensive children compared to normotensive, and this is also associated with blood pressure. Reported energy intake is also enlarged in hypertensive compared to normotensive children and for both groups, levels are significantly higher than the recommended values.
Our study results confirm the relationship between daily salt consumption, blood pressure and body weight. Sodium consumption related to blood pressure and body weight among children. Cardiovascular disease prevention should start in early childhood by reducing salt intake and preventing overweight/obesity since these are two of the most important modifiable risk factors for hypertension.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of enriched hen egg consumption on endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV) and the role of cyclooxygenases in EDV in the microcirculation of young ...healthy individuals. This study hypothesizes that Nutri4 eggs will improve endothelial function, which will be manifested by changes in microcirculatory flow measured by a laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) during reactive hyperemia in response to vascular occlusion, in which
-3 PUFA plays an important role as well as its degradation pathway by cyclooxygenases.
Participants consumed three eggs per day for three weeks: The control group (CTRL,
= 14) consumed regular hen eggs (approximately 0.330 mg of lutein, 1.785 mg of vitamin E, 0.054 mg of selenium and 438 mg of
-3 PUFAs daily) and Nutri4 group (
= 20) consumed enriched eggs (approximately 1.85 mg of lutein, 0.06 mg of selenium, 3.29 mg of vitamin E, and 1026 mg of
-3 PUFAs daily). Skin microvascular blood flow in response to EDV (post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID)) and sodium nitroprusside (SNPID; endothelium-independent) was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry before and after dietary protocol and in a separate group of participants who were administered perorally 100 mg of indomethacin before microvascular response assessment. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, serum lipid, and liver enzymes, anthropometric measurements, protein expression of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) were measured before and after dietary protocol.
PORH and AChID were significantly enhanced, and SNPID remained unchanged in the Nutri4 group, while none was changed in the CTRL following a respective diet. PORH decreased after administration of indomethacin in Nutri4 after dietary protocol. Protein expression of COX-2 was significantly higher in the Nutri4 group compared to the CTRL after the dietary protocol.
Consumption of enriched eggs improves microvascular EDV in healthy young subjects. Results suggest an element of
-3 PUFAs metabolites via the cyclooxygenases pathway in enhanced reactive hyperemia.
This study aimed to test the effect of a 7-day high-salt (HS) diet on autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in young healthy individuals and modulation of ANS on microvascular endothelial function ...impairment. 47 young healthy individuals took 7-day low-salt (LS) diet (3.5 g salt/day) followed by 7-day high-salt (HS) diet (~14.7 g salt/day). ANS activity was assessed by 24-h urine catecholamine excretion and 5-min heart rate variability (HRV). Skin post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID) were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Separately, mental stress test (MST) at LS and HS condition was conducted, followed by immediate measurement of plasma metanephrines’ level, 5-min HRV and LDF microvascular reactivity. Noradrenaline, metanephrine and normetanephrine level, low-frequency (LF) HRV and PORH and AChID significantly decreased following HS compared to LS. MST at HS condition tended to increase HRV LF/HF ratio. Spectral analysis of PORH signal, and AChID measurement showed that MST did not significantly affect impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to HS loading. In this case, 7-day HS diet suppressed sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and attenuated microvascular reactivity in salt-resistant normotensive individuals. Suppression of SNS during HS loading represents a physiological response, rather than direct pathophysiological mechanism by which HS diet affects microvascular endothelial function in young healthy individuals.
This randomized interventional study aimed to determine the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, vitamin E, and lutein supplementation in the form of enriched chicken egg consumption ...on microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress, and microvascular response to an acute strenuous training session (ASTS) in competitive athletes. Thirty-one male athletes were assigned to a control (n = 17) or a Nutri4 group (n = 14) who consumed three regular or enriched chicken eggs per day, respectively, for 3 weeks. Significantly enhanced endothelium-dependent responses to vascular occlusion (PORH) and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID) were observed in the Nutri4 group but not in the control group after egg consumption. Formation of peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as serum concentration of 8-iso prostaglandin F2α, decreased in the Nutri4 group while remaining unchanged in controls. PORH and AChID were reduced post-ASTS compared with pre-ASTS, both before and after the diets, in both groups. However, the range of PORH responsiveness to ASTS (ΔPORH) increased after consumption of enriched eggs. These results suggest that consumption of enriched chicken eggs has a beneficial effect on microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation and the reduction of oxidative stress levels in competitive athletes. Also, microvascular adaptation to the ASTS was improved after consumption of Nutri4 eggs.
The present study aimed to determine the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched hen eggs on microvascular vasodilation, microvascular responsiveness to a stress challenge and ...markers of oxidative stress in competitive athletes. Competitive athletes (n=23) were divided to a control group (n=9), who consumed three regular hens' eggs daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/d), and n-3 PUFAs group (n=14), who consumed three n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs daily (1,053 g n-3 PUFAs/d) for 3 weeks. Endothelium-dependent responses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID) and endothelium-independent responses sodium nitroprusside-induced dilation (SNPID) of skin microvascular blood flow were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in pre- and post-acute exhausting exercise (AEE) sessions. Blood pressure, serum lipid, free fatty acids profiles, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured before and after each dietary protocol. Consumption of serum n-3 PUFAs significantly decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio and enhanced PORH and AChID, but did not affect SNPID at rest. Furthermore, serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in the n-3 PUFAs group but remained unchanged in the control group. In both groups, PORH, AChID, and SNP were significantly reduced post-AEE compared with pre-AEE, both before and after consumption of each diet. Only AChID responsiveness to AEE (ΔAChID) significantly increased following consumption of n-3 PUFAs. Overall, n-3 PUFAs supplementation as n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs enhanced microvascular endothelial function at rest and may contribute to adaptation to AEE in competitive athletes.
High salt (HS) dietary intake leads to impaired vascular endothelium-dependent responses to various physiological stimuli, some of which are mediated by arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites. Transgenic
...gene knockout mice (
C57BL/6N) have changes in lipid metabolism which may affect vascular function and outcomes of stroke. We aimed to study the effects of one week of HS diet (4% NaCl) on vascular function and stroke induced by transient occlusion of middle cerebral artery in
and wild type (WT/C57BL/6N) mice. Flow-induced dilation (FID) of carotid artery was reduced in WT-HS mice, but not affected in
HS mice. Nitric oxide (NO) mediated FID. NO production was decreased with HS diet. On the contrary, acetylcholine-induced dilation was significantly decreased in
mice on both diets and WT-HS mice. HS intake and
gene depletion affected the structural components of the vessels. Proteomic analysis revealed a significant effect of
gene deficiency on HS diet-induced changes in neuronal structural proteins and acute innate immune response proteins' expression and
depletion, but HS diet did not increase the stroke volume, which is related to proteome modification and upregulation of genes involved mainly in cellular antioxidative defense. In conclusion,
depletion seems to partially impair vascular function and worsen the outcomes of stroke, which is moderately affected by HS diet.
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