This paper presents an overview of early research into gender and language conducted in various developed Western countries and their languages. Different models were proposed to establish the ...properties of the language used by men and women. A major concept in early research was the ‘woman’s language’, regarded as inferior, and subject to pejorative connotations. The presented models represent an important beginning of research on gender and language, although they are largely no longer considered current due to the many shortcomings of their theory and weak empirical support. The paper also reviews contemporary critical frameworks and offers suggestions for further research.
The present article explores the use of grammatical forms in job advertisements published over the
past 60 years (1958, 1978, 1998 and 2018). A historical
examination of the use of gender forms in ...employment
is based on analysis of job advertisements published
in the Slovenian language, and the particular socioeconomic context. The results show that the frequency
of use of the masculine, feminine and neutral forms
has not drastically altered over the decades. In general,
feminine and neutral forms were used less frequently,
and the masculine grammatical form consistently dominates. In 2018, the latter was seemingly ‘neutralised’ by
adding the abbreviation M/F
The event-related potential method has proven to be a useful tool for studying the effects of gender information in language. Studies have shown that mismatch between the antecedent and the following ...referent triggers two ERP components, N400 and P600. In the present study, we investigated how grammatical gender affects the mental representation of the grammatical subject. A match-mismatch paradigm was used to investigate how masculine grammatical gender and gender-balanced forms (the explicit mention of masculine and feminine forms as word pairs) as role nouns affect the processing of the referent in Slovenian. The morphological complexity of Slovenian language required the use of anaphoric verbs instead of nouns/pronouns, on which previous research was based. The results showed that following both the gender-balanced and the masculine generic forms, P600 (but not N400) was observed in response to the feminine verb but not to the masculine verb. The P600 amplitude was smaller in the case of the gender-balanced form than in the case of the masculine generic form only. We have concluded that gender-balanced forms are more open to feminine continuations than masculine generic forms. This is the first ERP study in Slovenian to address the effects of processing grammatical gender, thus contributing to existing research on languages with grammatical gender. The great strength of the study is that it is one of the first ERP studies to test the mental inclusivity of gender-balanced forms.
A great deal has been written about the causes of gender inequality, and much of this literature has tackled the role of language as a mechanism of social exclusion. More recent analysis of gender ...inequalities indicates how vital it is that we understand the impact that different social characteristics, including age, can have simultaneously on a person’s life situation. These factors should be examined together and at the same time, and as such they invite the kind of approach that is made possible by the concept of intersectionality. The aim of this article is to bridge the gap that exists between different streams of research. It approaches the analysis of gender and age from an intersectional perspective. It also draws on work on the reinforcement of gender inequalities through gendered language and engages with research on age-related social inequalities and especially on the specific gender bias of ageism and ageist language. We propose that an intersectional approach be brought to bear on the analysis of sexist and ageist language in order to draw these lines of inquiry together. In doing so we hope to contribute to a better understanding of the social position of women and men of different ages and the role of language in reproducing and reinforcing the inequalities of power created by attitudes to differences of gender and age. It is our belief that an intersectional approach has huge potential for future work in gender studies, sociolinguistic theory, and other avenues of research.
Z vstopom žensk na področje javne sfere in družbenih odnosov so se začela spreminjati tudi ostala področja življenja, kar je sprožilo potrebo po kulturni preobrazbi, predvsem na ravni jezika ...(Irigaray 1998, 119), ki bi ustrezno predstavljal in nagovarjal oba spola. Eno pomembnejših vprašanj, ki so si ga v povezavi s tem v času drugega feminističnega vala postavljale številne feministične jezikoslovke in jezikoslovci, je, kako lahko izkoreninjenje jezikovnega seksizma vpliva na položaj žensk in moških v družbi. Številni nasprotniki in nasprotnice jezikovnih sprememb in uvajanja neseksističnih alternativ se s predpostavkami neposredne povezave med družbo in jezikom niso strinjali, za kar so navajali številne argumente. Namen prispevka je osvetliti klasične argumente, ki so se v tuji (angleški) literaturi proti uvajanju jezikovnih sprememb pojavljali v 70. letih prejšnjega stoletja in poiskati vzporednice z aktualnimi argumenti slovenskih jezikoslovk in jezikoslovcev ter drugih strokovnjakov in strokovnjakinj. Argumente nizava upoštevajoč posebnosti angleščine in slovenščine, tj. dveh jezikov, ki različno izražata in razumeta (slovnični) spol. V tem smislu je zanimivo ugotoviti, koliko so si agrumenti proti uvedbi jezikovnih sprememb podobni (tj. so splošni in veljajo za vse jezike) in v katerih kategorijah se razlikujejo (tj. so jezikovno specifični). Glede na to, da gre tudi za dve različni časovni obdobji, nam bo informacija o podobnosti argumentov sporočala tudi podatek o zmožnosti preživetja določenih mnenj skozi čas. Cilj prispevka, pa tudi dolgoročni interes je bolje razumeti razmišljanje nasprotnikov in nasprotnic jezikovnih sprememb na podlagi poznavanja njihovih argumentov, kar vidiva kot enega od pristopov k (morebitnemu) skupnemu sodelovanju v zvezi s tovrstnimi vprašanji v prihodnje.
V prispevku poročamo o rezultatih analize medijskega pojavljanja kandidata in kandidatke na parlamentarnih volitvah 2018 v dveh slovenskih dnevnoinformativnih tiskanih medijih v obdobju dveh mesecev ...in pol pred volitvami in o rezultatih etnografske analize javnega komuniciranja obeh z volivci in volilkami na javnem dogodku. Na osnovi rezultatov ugotovljamo, koliko se kažejo odstopanja v medijskem poročanju o kandidatki in kandidatu ter kako je artikulacija spola del njune kampanje. Na podlagi nekaterih pozitivnih tendenc v slovenskem političnem prostoru smo predvidevale, da bo medijsko poročanje manj seksistično, kot je bilo v preteklosti. To lahko na podlagi kritične diskurzivne in besedilne analize medijskega poročanja tudi potrdimo, vsaj za Delo, manj za tabloidne Slovenske novice. Rezultati etnografske metode spremljanja pa kažejo, da igra spol veliko vlogo v javni predstavitvi politikov in političark ter odnosu javnosti do njune prisotnosti.
The most prevalent children’s chronic disease worldwide is asthma which has notable negative impacts on patients’ and parent’s quality of life. Daily inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) therapy is a ...preferred controller choice. This study was conducted on 148 parents of asthmatic children to establish parents’ perception of illness and fear of inhaled corticosteroids using B-IPQ and TOPICOP questionnaires. Children were in the majority male (66.9%), older than five years (58.8%), with comorbidities, and family history of atopy. Parents were female, with a mean age of 38, employed, and with a history of some form of corticosteroid use. Most parents were not afraid of ICS usage (71.6%). Unemployed parents and parents who had no medical education had a statistically significantly higher fear of using ICS (p = 0.002, p = 0.03). A child’s illness affects the parents’ lives and parents who are afraid of using ICS react more emotionally to the child’s illness. Better understanding and less concerned about child’s disease are parents of children with controlled asthma. The parents’ perspective of children’s asthma will affect the duration and dose of ICS treatment they will give to their children and directly influence the level of asthma control.
The most widespread chronic condition observed amid children globally is asthma. Only half of children with asthma adhere to their prescribed inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) therapy. Parents' emotions ...and perspectives regarding asthma have an impact on inhalation corticosteroid adherence. The participants in this study were 148 parents of children with asthma, with the aim to redintegrate their beliefs about medicines in general and specifically of ICS and the impact on ICS adherence in children with asthma. Children were mostly male (66.9%), older than five years (58.8%), parents were female, mean age 38, employed, and with a history of consumption of some form of corticosteroids. Parents' answers show that 50% of them disagreed with the statement that medicines are addictive, and 90% agree that medicine helps many to live better. A percentage of 77.7% of parents acknowledge that their child's health relies on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), and 86.5% of parents agree that these medications safeguard their child from worsening health. Most of the parents (93.2%) adhere to the guidelines and instructions of the doctor. In summary, parents who hold the belief that medicines are neither overused nor harmful tend to exhibit a higher adherence. Furthermore, those with elevated adherence levels express lower levels of concern regarding the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in their children's asthma therapy.
Rapeseed is one of the most important sources of edible oil, raw material for
industry, as well as feed. The yield and quality of rapeseed have
significantly been improved in recent decades as a ...result of intensive
breeding and optimized production technology. The application of Mendel's
rules in introducing monogenic traits has also contributed to success in
rapeseed breeding. Rule 1, which refers to the uniformity of F1 generation,
is now the basis of widespread development of rapeseed hybrids. Rule 2,
dealing with genetic segregation in the F2 generation, is the basis for
understanding the process of breeding lines. Rule 3, regarding the
independent segregation of genes and traits, while exempting linked traits,
is the basis of combining different desirable properties by selection. In
the last few decades, the systematic use of Mendel's rules has contributed
to the improvement of many properties of rapeseed, including tolerance to
biotic and abiotic stress, yield and seed quality. Particular progress has
been made in breeding for resistance to diseases, including the
identification of molecular markers for marker-assisted selection. The next
objective of rapeseed breeding is to create varieties with improved
tolerance to environmental stress (e.g. frost, heat, and drought). Based on
Mendel's rules, classical breeding methods and the latest developments in
the field of molecular genetics and breeding, future progress is expected in
the field of rapeseed breeding with an emphasis on polygenic, quantitative
traits such as biomass, seed, and oil yield.
nema
This study investigated utilization of antibacterial agents at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of the Outpatient Service of the Health Center Novi Sad-Liman and at the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic ...of the Clinical Center Novi Sad, in the period February-March 2001.
All antibacterial agents were classified as group J, regarding Anatomic-Therapeutic-Chemical Classification. Data on drug utilization were presented in Defined Daily Doses (DDD). Patients who were under observation were all treated with antibiotics.
In regard to prescribed treatment in the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of the Outpatient Service of the Health Center Novi Sad-Liman, most outpatients were treated with macrolide antibiotics--in 26.21%; combination of penicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitors in 20.83% and pyranosides in 16.12%. At the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic of the Clinical Center Novi Sad, macrolides and lincosamines were most frequently used--in 20.46%; cephalosporins in 19.87% and penicillins susceptible to beta-lactamase in 18.85%. It is extremely positive and in agreement with current pharmacotherapeutic principles that in both institutions peroral ampicillins have not been prescribed. Aminoglycosides have been prescribed in less than 1% of patients of the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of the Outpatient Service of the Health Center Novi Sad-Liman, whereas they were much more frequently prescribed at the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic of the Clinical Center Novi Sad--in 11.25%. Although there is a positive postantibiotic effect in regard to these antibiotics and it is recommended to use them once a day, in both examined institutions aminoglycosides were given twice a day. In regard to bacterial identification it was done in 80.76% of patients of the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of the Outpatient Service of the Health Center Novi Sad-Liman, while in the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic of the Clinical Center Novi Sad it was done only in 32.42%.
Although treatment performed on empirical basis and clinical findings is usually correct, a greater percentage of antibiotic prescriptions should be confirmed by antibiograms providing optimal therapy and decreased degree of resistance.
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