The fatty acid composition of meat and subcutaneous adipose tissue of the indigenous Slovenian pig breed (Krškopolje, KP), which is raised extensively, was compared with that of commercial fatteners ...(CP) from intensive farms. Commercial fatteners were divided into three groups according to lean meat percentage: meaty, normal and fatty. The m. longissimus dorsi of Krškopolje pigs contained less C18:0 fatty acids than that of commercial fatteners and less C16:0 than that of the fatty group. The proportions of long chain fatty acids C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3 and C22:5 n-3 in the Krškopolje pigs and fatty groups were also significantly different. The highest proportion of essential C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 fatty acids were found in the meaty and normal groups. Intramuscular fat content of the m. longissimus dorsi did not differ between the Krškopolje pigs, and the fatty and normal groups. The Krškopolje pigs had the lowest proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while both the Krškopolje pigs and the fatty group have a lower proportion of polysaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than the meaty group. The fatty group had a lower polyunsaturated : saturated fatty acid ratio than the meaty and normal groups. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue, Krškopolje pigs had the highest proportion of C18:1 n-9 and differed from the normal group in C18:0 content, from the fatty group in C16:1 n-7 and from the meaty and fatty groups in C18:2 n-6. Furthermore, the Krškopolje pigs had the highest monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and lower PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs proportions than the fatty group. The meaty group had a higher n-6 : n-3 PUFA ratio than the Krškopolje pigs.
Genetic and environmental parameters for 38 983 test-day records of daily milk yield (DMY), fat (FC) and protein (PC) content, collected between 1994 and 2002, were estimated on 3,068 dairy ewes of ...the three Slovenian breeds. A multivariate restricted maximum likelihood method was used for estimation, where every test-day record was treated as a different trait. Fixed part of the multitrait animal model for DMY, FC, and PC included breed and lambing season as classes, while stage of lactation, parity, and litter size were covariates. Random part of the model contained additive genetic effect and the effects of flock test month and permanent environment over lactations. Heritability estimates for individual test-days were between 0.10 and 0.23 for DMY, 0.09 and 0.18 for FC, and 0.19 and 0.28 for PC. The flock test month effect explained most of the phenotypic variance: 0.18 to 0.41 for DMY, 0.26 to 0.45 for FC, and 0.24 to 0.44 for PC. A lower variance ratio was explained by the permanent environment effect over lactations: 0.09 to 0.15 for DMY, 0.02 to 0.11 for FC, and 0.02 to 0.09 for PC. Additive genetic correlations between individual test-days were high in all three milk traits for adjacent months of lactation. They decreased when the interval between months of lactation increased. The structure of additive genetic correlations showed that the observed milk traits in the different stages of lactation were genetically not the same trait, since the correlations between distant months of lactation were lower than one.
Ocenjevali smo genetske in okoljske parametre za 38 983 meritev na kontrolni dan za količino mleka (DKM) ter vsebnost maščobe (VM) in beljakovin (VB) v mleku pri 3068 mlečnih ovcah treh slovenskih pasem. Meritve so bile zbrane med leti 1994 in 2002. Za oceno parametrov smo uporabili večlastnostno metodo omejenega največjega verjetja, kjer je vsaka meritev na kontrolni dan obravnavana kot druga lastnost. Sistematski del večlastnostnega modela živali za DKM, VM in VB je vključeval pasmo in sezono jagnjitve kot razrede, stadij laktacije, zaporedna jagnjitev in velikost gnezda pa so bili vključeni kot kovariable. Naključni del modela je vseboval aditivni genetski vpliv živali, vpliv skupnega okolja v tropu in vpliv permanentnega okolja živali. Heritabilitete za posamezne mesece laktacije so bile med 0,10 in 0,23 za DKM, med 0,09 in 0,18 za VM in med 0,19 in 0,28 za VB. Skupno okolje v tropu je pojasnilo največji del fenotipske variance: 0,18 do 0,41 za DKM, 0,26 do 0,45 za VB in 0,24 do 0,44 za VB. Vpliv permanentnega okolja živali je pojasnil manjši delež variance: 0,09 do 0,15 za DKM, 0,02 do 0,11 za VM in 0,02 do 0,09 za VB. Aditivne genetske korelacije med posameznimi lastnostmi mlečnosti sosednjih mesecev laktacije so bile močne in so se z oddaljevanjem mesecev laktacije zmanjševale. Struktura aditivnih genetskih korelacij kaže, da lastnosti mlečnosti v različnih stadijih laktacije genetsko niso ista lastnost, saj so korelacije med oddaljenimi zapisi manjše od ena.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) involved in regulation of gene expression. Intragenic miRNAs, especially those exhibiting a high degree of evolutionary conservation, have been shown ...to be coordinately regulated and/or expressed with their host genes, either with synergistic or antagonistic correlation patterns. However, the degree of cross-species conservation of miRNA/host gene co-location is not known and co-expression information is incomplete and fragmented among several studies. Using the genomic resources (miRBase and Ensembl) we performed a genome-wide in silico screening (GWISS) for miRNA/host gene pairs in three well-annotated vertebrate species: human, mouse, and chicken. Approximately half of currently annotated miRNA genes resided within host genes: 53.0% (849/1,600) in human, 48.8% (418/855) in mouse, and 42.0% (210/499) in chicken, which we present in a central publicly available Catalog of intragenic miRNAs (http://www.integratomics-time.com/miR-host/catalog). The miRNA genes resided within either protein-coding or ncRNA genes, which include long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Twenty-seven miRNA genes were found to be located within the same host genes in all three species and the data integration from literature and databases showed that most (26/27) have been found to be co-expressed. Particularly interesting are miRNA genes located within genes encoding for miRNA silencing machinery (DGCR8, DICER1, and SND1 in human and Cnot3, Gdcr8, Eif4e, Tnrc6b, and Xpo5 in mouse). We furthermore discuss a potential for phenotype misattribution of miRNA host gene polymorphism or gene modification studies due to possible collateral effects on miRNAs hosted within them. In conclusion, the catalog of intragenic miRNAs and identified 27 miRNA/host gene pairs with cross-species conserved co-location, co-expression, and potential co-regulation, provide excellent candidates for further functional annotation of intragenic miRNAs in health and disease.
The aim of the study was to estimate some effects on mortality and growth in rabbits. The study was carried out in Slovenian SIKA sire line. In total, 1028 kits of 80 does were included. In the ...analyses the effects of parity, number of liveborn kits, number of teats, and season of kits birth were analysed. Birth weight was included in the model for mortality, while age was included in the model for growth. Parity, litter size, teat number and season affected the body weights. Body weight varied also according to age. Mortality has changes by litter size, season and initial weight. An average litter size was 8.77 kits born, 8.15 kits born alive and 7.00 kits weaned. The birth to weaning mortality was 14.4% and mortality has steadily declined with age. Average weight up to age 3 days was 72 g and at weaning 959 g. Kits in smaller litters and kits from does with more teats had a higher growth rate. Also kits grow faster in the colder months.
The nutritional quality of M. Longissimus dorsi in the autochthonous Krškopolje pig breed and commercial fatteners from intensive Slovenian farms was compared. Commercial fatteners were divided into ...two groups according to lean meat percentage: MEATY and FATTY groups. The Krškopolje pigs (KK group) and the FATTY group had higher intramuscular fat content than the MEATY group. The lowest saturated fatty acids (SFA) proportion was found in the KK group and the highest in the FATTY group. The KK and FATTY groups contained higher proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) as well as lower proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to the MEATY group. The highest n-6 PUFA proportion was found in the MEATY group. The n-3 PUFA proportion differed between the MEATY and FATTY groups. The FATTY group had the lowest ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids as well as the highest atherogenic index.
Genetic and environmental parameters for 38 983 test-day records of daily milk yield (DMY), fat (FC) and protein (PC) content, collected between 1994 and 2002, were estimated on 3,068 dairy ewes of ...the three Slovenian breeds. A multivariate restricted maximum likelihood method was used for estimation, where every test-day record was treated as a different trait. Fixed part of the multitrait animal model for DMY, FC, and PC included breed and lambing season as classes, while stage of lactation, parity, and litter size were covariates. Random part of the model contained additive genetic effect and the effects of flock test month and permanent environment over lactations. Heritability estimates for individual test-days were between 0.10 and 0.23 for DMY, 0.09 and 0.18 for FC, and 0.19 and 0.28 for PC. The flock test month effect explained most of the phenotypic variance: 0.18 to 0.41 for DMY, 0.26 to 0.45 for FC, and 0.24 to 0.44 for PC. A lower variance ratio was explained by the permanent environment effect over lactations: 0.09 to 0.15 for DMY, 0.02 to 0.11 for FC, and 0.02 to 0.09 for PC. Additive genetic correlations between individual test-days were high in all three milk traits for adjacent months of lactation. They decreased when the interval between months of lactation increased. The structure of additive genetic correlations showed that the observed milk traits in the different stages of lactation were genetically not the same trait, since the correlations between distant months of lactation were lower than one.
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of non-coding RNAs important in
posttranscriptional regulation of target genes. Regulation requires
complementarity between the target mRNA and the miRNA region ...responsible for
their recognition and binding, also called the seed region. Previous studies
have proven that expression profiles and genetic variations of miRNA genes
(miR-SNP; SNP – single nucleotide polymorphism) and their target sites
(miR-TS-SNPs) have an impact on phenotypic variation and disease
susceptibility in human, animal models, and livestock. MicroRNA-associated
polymorphisms therefore represent biomarker potential for phenotypic traits
in livestock. Effects of miRNA gene polymorphisms on phenotypic traits have
been studied in several animal species but much less in cattle. The aim of
the present study was therefore to analyze the genetic variability in the
bta-mir-2313 gene and test associations with growth and carcass
traits of the Slovenian Simmental cattle breed. Additionally, validated and
predicted genomic information related to the miRNA gene bta-mir-2313
has been obtained and presented as an atlas of miRNA regulatory elements.
Sanger sequencing has been used for biomarker development and genotyping of
145 animals of Slovenian dual-purpose Simmental cattle. Out of nine known
polymorphisms located within pre-miRNA regions, one mature miRNA seed SNP was
polymorphic in the Slovenian Simmental cattle breed. An additional three
polymorphisms were identified within the flanking pri-miRNA regions. There
was no significant effect of polymorphisms on 18 tested fattening and carcass
traits; however, validated polymorphisms could now be tested in association
with other traits in other cattle populations. The microRNA gene
bta-mir-2313 warrants further genetic and functional analyses since
it overlaps with a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL), has over
3100 predicted targets and highly polymorphic mature seed regions, and is
located within protein-coding gene GRAMD1B, previously associated
with production traits in cattle. Mature miRNA seed SNPs present important
genomic loci for functional studies because they could affect the gain/loss
of downstream targets and should be systematically studied in cattle.
V naši raziskavi smo pri konjih haflinške pasme v Sloveniji za lastnosti zunanjosti ocenjevali komponente (ko)varianc. V podatkovni zbirki je bilo skupaj 3371 živali, od tega smo jih v raziskavo ...vključili 600 (15 žrebcev in 585 kobil). Živali, ki smo jih vključili v analizo, so imele zapise desetih ocen in/ali devetih meritev ter znanega vsaj enega od staršev. Model je za vse ocenjene in izmerjene lastnosti vseboval leto ocenjevanja in/ali merjenja kot sistematski vpliv in naključni vpliv živali. Uporabili smo metodo omejene največje zanesljivosti (REML) v programu VCE. Pozitivno definitne matrike smo dobili s pomočjo postopka, ki se imenuje ukrivljanje matrik (ang. bending). Za ocenjene lastnosti so znašale heritabilitete od 0,40 za prednji del trupa do 0,78 za pasemsko značilnost. Heritabilitete za izmerjene lastnosti so se gibale med 0,20 za globino prsi in 0,62 za višino vihra, merjeno s palico. Genetske korelacije so bile v večini pozitivne. Najvišja genetska korelacija pri ocenjenih lastnostih je 0,92 med skupno oceno in zadnjim delom trupa. Med oceno pasemske značilnosti in oceno prednjih nog korelacije ni bilo. Pri izmerjenih lastnostih so bile genetske korelacije ocenjene od 0,38 med dolžino trupa in obsegom prsi do 0,95 med višino vihra, merjeno s palico in višino vihra, merjeno s trakom.
The effects of genotype and sex on the most important factors for technological meat quality were analyzed. In the experiment 63 gilts and 57 barrows of three different boar genotypes (44, 54 and 74) ...were included. Slaughter was carried out in two groups, the first was about 100 kg and the second group was about 125 kg of live weight. After the slaughter colour of meat, pH value, drip loss and conductivity were measured and intramuscular fat was defined in laboratory. Statistical analysis of data was done with statistical package SAS/STAT with last square method where procedure for general linear models (GLM) was used. The effects were genotype, sex and carcass weight as regression. The results showed that barrows had significant higher content of intramuscular fat than gilts at 100 kg (p=0.0019) and 125 kg (p<0.0001) of live weight, respectively. In other traits sex did not have an influence. Genotype had no effect on intramuscular fat content. Genotype 74 had darker meat (lower value L*) in both groups. Genotype 44 had significant higher value a* and value b*. There were no differences between genotype in pH and conductivity in the first group. In the second group genotype 44 had lower pH value as genotype 54 (p=0.0345) and genotype 74 (p=0.0188) and higher conductivity (p=0.0004 and p=0.0001) on m. longissimus dorsi. On m. semimembranossus genotype 54 had higher pH than genotype 44 (p=0.0160) and lower than genotype 74 (p=0.0148). Drip loss on both muscles was higher in genotype 44 in the first group and higher than genotype 74 in the second group.
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