Vinova loza je jedna od najvažnijih kultiviranih biljnih vrsta u Hrvatskoj. Vrsta je izrazito osjetljiva na napad velikog broja patogena, od kojih je i kod nas i u svijetu jedan od najvažnijih i ...najopasnijih Diaporthe neoviticola, odnosno fitopatogena gljiva poznatija pod nekadašnjim nazivom Phomopsis viticola. U našoj fitopatološkoj literaturi najčešći naziv bolesti koju ova vrsta uzrokuje na vinovoj lozi je crna pjegavost ili crna pjegavost rozgve, a u starijoj literaturi spominje se i pod nazivom eskorioza. S obzirom na gljivu uzročnika primjereniji naziv bolesti bio bi fomopsioza vinove loze. Karakteristični simptomi bolesti pojavljuju se u vidu tamnih lezija na primarnim internodijima mladica, koje se kasnije primijete i na rozgvi tijekom zime u vidu malih rak ranica. Kao popratni simptom bolesti može se javiti i izbjeljivanje rozgve, međutim to nije tipični simptom samo ove bolesti, već i raznih drugih bolesti. Bolest se suzbija fungicidima na bazi bakra (bakarni oksid, bakarni oksiklorid i dr.), fosetila, folpeta, mankozeba, metirama i dr.
The grapevine is one of the most important cultivated plant species in Croatia. The species is extremely sensitive to the attack of of large number of pathogens. Diaporthe neoviticola is the phytopathogenic fungus known under the former name Phomopsis viticola. This phytopathogenic fungus is one of the most important and most dangerous pathogen on grapevine in our country and in the world. Characteristic symptoms of the disease appear in the form of dark lesions on the primary internodes, which are during the winter in the form of small cancer wounds. Bleaching can also occur as an accompanying symptom of the disease, but it is not only a typical symptom of this disease. Control is performed with fungicides based on copper (copper oxide, copper oxychloride, etc.), aluminium fosetyl, folpet, mancozeb, metiram etc.
Abiotske bolesti jagode Pešut, Gabrijela; Miličević, Tihomir
Glasnik Zaštite Bilja,
07/2022, Letnik:
45, Številka:
4
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
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Jagoda kao kultivirana vrsta pokazuje izuzetnu osjetljivost na razne abiotske čimbenike u uzgoju, posebno na nedostatak biogenih elemenata, odnosno hranjiva (mikro i makroelementi), kao što su dušik, ...kalij, fosfor, bor, kalcij i dr. Stoga je u uzgoju jagode od velike važnosti pratiti stanje hranjivih elemenata u tlu i reagirati čim se primijete simptomi nedostataka ili viška istih. Najčešći simptomi nedostataka ovih hraniva na svim biljkama, pa tako i jagodama, su promjene boje lišća (žućenja ili kloroze, crvenilo, tamnjenje i dr.), kržljavost i deformacije biljaka te malformacije plodova. Navedeni simptomi često se mogu preklapati između pojedinih hranjivih elemenata, ali i sa simptomima parazitskih ili infektivnih bolesti, kao što su viroze i fitoplazmoze. Kloroze se kao simptom najčešće javljaju u slučaju nedostatka dušika, željeza, magnezija, mangana, molibdena i cinka, dok se simptomi deformacija javljaju uglavnom u slučaju nedostatka bora (na plodovima) i kalcija (na listovima).
Strawberry as a cultivated plant species shows exceptional sensitivity to various abiotic factors in cultivation, especially the deficiency of nutrient elements (micro and macroelements), such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, boron, calcium, etc. Therefore, in the cultivation of strawberries is very important monitoring of nutrients in the soil and reacting as soon as symptoms of deficiency are noticed. The most common symptoms of deficiency of these nutrients in plants, including strawberries, are changes in color of leafs (yellowing or chlorosis, redness, darkening, etc.), deformation of plants and fruit malformations. Chlorosis as a symptom most often occurs in the case of deficiency of nitrogen, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum and zinc, while the symptoms of deformationsoccur mainly in the case of deficiency of boron (on fruits) and deficiency of calcium (on leaves).
Dalmatia is an interesting place to study the use of wild greens as it lies at the intersection of influence of Slavs, who do not usually use many species of wild greens, and Mediterranean culinary ...culture, where the use of multiple wild greens is common. The aim of the study was to document the mixtures of wild green vegetables which are sold in all the vegetable markets of Dalmatia.
All vendors (68) in all 11 major markets of the Dalmatian coast were interviewed. The piles of wild vegetables they sold were searched and herbarium specimens taken from them.
The mean number of species in the mix was 5.7. The most commonly sold wild plants are: Sonchus oleraceus L., Allium ampeloprasum L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Urospermum picroides F.W.Schmidt, Papaver rhoeas L., Daucus carota L., Taraxacum sp., Picris echioides L., Silene latifolia Poir. and Crepis spp. Also the cultivated beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and a few cultivated Brassicaceae varieties are frequent components. Wild vegetables from the mix are usually boiled for 20-30 minutes and dressed with olive oil and salt. Altogether at least 37 wild taxa and 13 cultivated taxa were recorded.Apart from the mixes, Asparagus acutifolius L. and Tamus communis L. shoots are sold in separate bunches (they are usually eaten with eggs), as well as some Asteraceae species, the latter are eaten raw or briefly boiled.
The rich tradition of eating many wild greens may result both from strong Venetian and Greek influences and the necessity of using all food resources available in the barren, infertile land in the past. Although the number of wild-collected green vegetables is impressive we hypothesize that it may have decreased over the years, and that further in-depth local ethnobotanical studies are needed in Dalmatia to record the disappearing knowledge of edible plants.
Croatian isolates of
Monilinia fructicola
,
M
.
laxa
and
M
.
fructigena
have been collected from peach, nectarine, sweet cherry, plum and apricot fruits and assessed for their sensitivity to ...thiophanate-methyl. Out of 66 isolates collected, 34 were identified as
M
.
fructicola
(52%), 22 as
M. fructigena
(33%) and 10 as
M. laxa
(15%). Mycelial radial growth on water agar amended with thiophanate-methyl was measured to determine half maximal effective concentration values (EC
50
). All isolates of
M
.
laxa
and
M
.
fructigena
showed as sensitive, with EC
50
values lower than 1 µg ml
− 1
in 31 from 32 isolates. In
M. fructicola
, 19 isolates (56%) were sensitive, nine (26%) were resistant (EC
50
2–30 µg ml
− 1
), and six (18%) were highly resistant (EC
50
> 30 µg ml
− 1
). Positive allele-specific PCR with primer pair HRR/HRF, detecting resistant point mutations in β-tubulin gene, was recorded in 15 out of 16 highly resistant, resistant and less sensitive
M
.
fructicola
isolates. Among all species, PCR assay coincided with agar assay in 95% of cases. Highly resistant
M
.
fructicola
isolates AL 24/19 and VR 8/18 caused typical brown rot on nectarine fruits inoculated with conidia suspended in 5 or 10 µg ml
− 1
of thiophanate-methyl. Four sensitive isolates of all three species did not develop on inoculated fruits. Besides implications for brown rot management, the finding of
M. fructicola
strains resistant to thiophanate-methyl may indicate that this species could be adapting to fungicides more rapidly than
M. laxa
or
M. fructigena
. As resistant
M. fructicola
isolates were also found in orchards where benzimidazoles have never been used, there is a possibility they originate from already benzimidazole-resistant strains which entered and established in Croatia.
The grapevine is one of the most important cultivated plant species in Croatia. The species is extremely sensitive to the attack of of large number of pathogens. Diaporthe neoviticola is the ...phytopathogenic fungus known under the former name Phomopsis viticola. This phytopathogenic fungus is one of the most important and most dangerous pathogen on grapevine in our country and in the world. Characteristic symptoms of the disease appear in the form of dark lesions on the primary internodes, which are during the winter in the form of small cancer wounds. Bleaching can also occur as an accompanying symptom of the disease, but it is not only a typical symptom of this disease. Control is performed with fungicides based on copper (copper oxide, copper oxychloride, etc.), aluminium fosetyl, folpet, mancozeb, metiram etc.
Važnije bolesti rogača Miličević, Tihomir
Glasnik Zaštite Bilja,
10/2020, Letnik:
43, Številka:
5
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Rogač (Ceratonia siliqua L.) je mediteranska voćna vrsta, koja je nekada bila zastupljena u uzgoju u našoj zemlji, posebno na otocima Lastovu, Mljetu, Šolti, Visu, Korčuli i dr. Zadnjih nekoliko ...decenija uzgoj je zanemaren i vrsta je gotovo zaboravljena, iako se zadnjih nekoliko godina u pojedinim područjima ponovo javlja interes za uzgojem. Na rogaču se mogu javiti razne bolesti, od kojih su kod nas kao najčešće sljedeće: botriosferiozno sušenje, pepelnica te pjegavost lišća ili cerkosporioza. Botriosferiozno sušenje je mikoza koju najčešće uzrokuje vrsta Diplodia olivarum, a simptomi bolesti javljaju se u vidu rak rana na deblu, granama i izbojima, uslijed čega može doći do sušenja grana i dijelova krošnje. Pepelnica rogača je također mikoza, koju uzrokuje vrsta Pseudoidium ceratoniae, a simptomi se očituju u vidu pepeljastih prevlaka po lišću ili plodovima, te deformaciji plodova u slučaju jačeg napada. Cerksoporioznu pjegavost lišća uzrokuje gljiva Pseudocercospora ceratoniae, a simptomi se uočavaju u vidu nekrotičnih pjega, koje u slučaju jačeg intenziteta zaraze mogu zahvatiti veću površinu lista i izazvati palež.
The carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a well-know Mediterranean fruit species. This fruit plant was largely cultivated in our country especially in the islands (Korčula, Vis, Mljet, Lastovo, Šipan ect.). The most important diseases on carob in Croatia are: botryospheria cancer, caused by fungal species Diplodia olivarum; powdery mildew caused by fungal species Pseudoidium ceratoniae and leaf spot or cercosporiosis caused by fungal species Pseudocercospora ceratoniae. This article describes symptoms of diseases and control of diseases on the carob.
Biofungicidi ili mikrobiološki fungicidi su komercijalizirani biološki pripravci na bazi mikroorganizama (gljiva, pseudogljiva i bakterija), koji imaju antagonističko djelovanje na fitopatogene ...gljive i pseudogljive, te tako spriječavaju njihov rast i razvoj. Biofungicidi na bazi antagonističkih gljiva i pseudogljiva nazivaju se još i mikofungicidi, a biofungicidi na bazi antagonističkih bakterija nazivaju se bakteriofungicidi. Antagonističko djelovanje mikroorganizama korištenih u biofungicidima može se očitovati u vidu različitih interakcija s fitopatogenim gljivama i pseudogljivama, kao što su parazitizam, antibioza, kompeticija, inducirana rezistentnost i dr. Za proizvodnju komercijaliziranih bakteriofungicida za sada se najčešće koriste antagonističke vrste bakterija iz rodova Bacillus, Pseudomonas i Streptomyces, a za proizvodnju komercijaliziranih mikofungicida koriste se najčešće antagonističke vrste gljiva ili pseudogljiva iz rodova Ampelomyces, Chaetomium, Coniothyrium, Gliocladium, Pythium i Trichoderma. Od velikog broja komercijaliziranih biofungicida u svijetu, u Hrvatskoj su trenutno registrirana samo četiri biofungicida i to tri bakteriofungicida i jedan mikofungicid. Bakteriofungicidi su Serenade ASO (na bazi vrste Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), Sonata (na bazi vrste Bacillus pumilus) i Proradix (na bazi Pseudomonas sp.), a jedini mikofungicid je Vintec (na bazi antagonističke gljive Trichoderma atroviride).
Biofungicides or microbiological fungicides are commercialized biological fungicides based on various microorganisms (fungi, pseudofungi and bacteria), which have an antagonistic effect on phytopathogenic fungi and pseudofungi. Biofungicides based on antagonistic species of fungi and pseudofungi are called mycofungicides and biofungicides based on antagonistic species of bacteria are called bacteriofungicides. Their antagonistic action can be manifested in the form of various interactions with phytopathogenic fungi and pseudofungi such as parasitism (hyperparasitism), antibiosis, competition, induced resistance etc. The most commonly used antagonistic species of bacteria for the production of commercialized bacteriofungicides are from the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces, and the most commonly used antagonistic species of fungi or pseudofungi for the production of commercialized mycofungicides are from the genera Ampelomyces, Coniothyrium, Gliocladium, Chaetomium, Pythium and Trichoderma. Currently, only four biofungicides have been registered in Croatia, namely three bacteriofungicides and one mycofungicide. Bacteriofungicides are Serenade ASO (based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), Sonata (based on Bacillus pumilus) and Proradix (based on Pseudomonas sp.). The only mycofungicide in Croatia is Vintec, based on the antagonist fungus Trichoderma atroviride.
Strawberry as a cultivated plant species shows exceptional sensitivity to various abiotic factors in cultivation, especially the deficiency of nutrient elements (micro and macroelements), such as ...nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, boron, calcium, etc. Therefore, in the cultivation of strawberries is very important monitoring of nutrients in the soil and reacting as soon as symptoms of deficiency are noticed. The most common symptoms of deficiency of these nutrients in plants, including strawberries, are changes in color of leafs (yellowing or chlorosis, redness, darkening, etc.), deformation of plants and fruit malformations. Chlorosis as a symptom most often occurs in the case of deficiency of nitrogen, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum and zinc, while the symptoms of deformationsoccur mainly in the case of deficiency of boron (on fruits) and deficiency of calcium (on leaves).
Pepelnica je zadnjih godina postala značajna bolest jagoda u Hrvatskoj. Uzročnik je fitopatogena gljiva Podosphaera aphanis, koje je prije bila poznata pod nazivom Sphaerotheca macularis f. ...fragariae. Za razliku do većine drugih pepelnica simptomi pepelnice na jagodama ne javljaju se prevenstveno u vidu pepeljaste prevlake, već više u vidu uvijanja listova i crvenila na naličju lista. Za suzbijanje se koriste kemijski erisficidi i biofungicidi. Od biofungicida to su bakteriofungicidi na bazi antagonističkih bakterija Bacillus amyloliquefaciens i Bacillus pumilus te mikofungicidi na bazi antagonističke mikoparazitske gljive Ampelomyces quisqualis.
In recent years, powdery mildew became a significant strawberry disease in Croatia. The causal agent of disease is the phytopathogenic fungus Podosphaera aphanis, formerly known as Sphaerotheca macularis f. fragariae. The symptoms of powdery mildew on strawberries are includes folding and redness of the leaves. Chemical fungicides (erysficides) and biofungicides are used for control, such as bacteriofungicides based on the antagonistic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus pumilus, as well as mycofungicides, based on the antagonistic mycoparasitic fungus Ampelomyces quisqualis.
Važnije bolesti smokve u Hrvatskoj Miličević, Tihomir; Marin, Sanja
Glasnik Zaštite Bilja,
12/2020, Letnik:
43, Številka:
6
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Smokva (Ficus carica L.) je poznata i važna mediteranska voćna vrsta u Hrvatskoj. Međutim, pojava bolesti na smokvama kod nas je slabo istražena, kako po pitanju etiologije, tako i po pitanju ...epidemiologije i suzbijanja. Kao najčešće bolesti smokve u Hrvatskoj mogu se smatrati sljedeće: rak ili sušenje grana smokve, hrđa smokve, pjegavost lišća smokve i virusni mozaik smokve (FMV). Rak grana smokve je opasna bolest koju uzrokuje gljiva Phomospis cinerescens. Hrđa smokve je sporadična bolest koju uzrokuje gljiva Cerotelium fici, a pjegavosti lišća je bolest koju najčešće uzrokuje gljiva Passalora bolleana.
The fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is important fruit species in Mediterranean part of Croatia. Occurrence of diseases and pathogens on fig tree (etiology, epidemiology and control) in Croatia is not investigated well enough. The most common diseases of fig tree in Croatia can be considered as follows: canker of twigs, leaf rust, leaf spots and fig mosaic virus (FMV). Fungal species Phomopsis cinerescens is causal agent canker of twigs, fungal species Cerotelium fici is causal agent of leaf rust and fungal species Passalora bolleana is causal agent of leaf spots.
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