Bifidobacteria, which commonly inhabit the primate gut, are beneficial contributors to host wellbeing. Anatomical differences and natural habitat allow an arrangement of primates into two main ...parvorders; New World monkeys (NWM) and Old World monkeys (OWM). The number of newly described bifidobacterial species is clearly elevated in NWM. This corresponds to our finding that bifidobacteria were the dominant group of cultivated gut anaerobes in NWM, while their numbers halved in OWM and were often replaced by Clostridiaceae with sarcina morphology. We examined an extended MALDI-TOF MS database as a potential identification tool for rapid screening of bifidobacterial distribution in captive primates. Bifidobacterial isolates of NWM were assigned mainly to species of primate origin, while OWM possessed typically multi-host bifidobacteria. Moreover, bifidobacterial counts reflected the feed specialization of captive primates decreasing from frugivore-insectivores, gummivore-insectivores, frugivore-folivores to frugivore-omnivores. Amplicon sequencing analysis supported this trend with regards to the inverse ratio of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. In addition, a significantly higher diversity of the bacterial population in OWM was found. The evolution specialization of primates seems to be responsible for Bifidobacterium abundance and species occurrence. Balanced microbiota of captive primates could be supported by optimized prebiotic and probiotic stimulation based on the primate host.
Only a few studies dealt with the occurrence of endospore-forming clostridia in the microbiota of infants without obvious health complications. A methodology pipeline was developed to determine the ...occurrence of endospore formers in infant feces. Twenty-four fecal samples (FS) were collected from one infant in monthly intervals and were subjected to variable chemical and heat treatment in combination with culture-dependent analysis. Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and characterized with biochemical assays. More than 800 isolates were obtained, and a total of 21 Eubacteriales taxa belonging to the Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae families were detected. Clostridium perfringens, C. paraputrificum, C. tertium, C. symbiosum, C. butyricum, and C. ramosum were the most frequently identified species compared to the rarely detected Enterocloster bolteae, C. baratii, and C. jeddahense. Furthermore, the methodology enabled the subsequent cultivation of less frequently detectable gut taxa such as Flavonifractor plautii, Intestinibacter bartlettii, Eisenbergiella tayi, and Eubacterium tenue. The isolates showed phenotypic variability regarding enzymatic activity, fermentation profiles, and butyrate production. Taken together, this approach suggests and challenges a cultivation-based pipeline that allows the investigation of the population of endospore formers in complex ecosystems such as the human gastrointestinal tract.
Insects are a component of the diet of different animal species and have been suggested as the major source of human dietary protein for the future. However, insects are also carriers of potentially ...pathogenic microbes that constitute a risk to food and feed safety. In this study, we reported the occurrence of a hemolytic orange pigmented producing phenotype of
in the fecal microbiota of golden lion tamarins (
) and feed larvae (
). Feed insects were identified as a regular source of
based on a reanalysis of available 16S rRNA gene libraries. Pan-genome analysis suggested the existence of four clusters within the
group. The presence of
cluster indicated that some strains of the
group produced a pigment similar to granadaene, an orange cytotoxic lipid produced by group B streptococci, including
. Pigment production by
strains was dependent on the presence of the fermentable sugars, with no pigment being observed at pH <4.7. The addition of buffering compounds or arginine, which can be metabolized to ammonium, restored pigment formation. In addition, pigment formation might be related to the source of peptone. These data suggest that edible insects are a possible source of granadaene-producing lactococci, which can be considered a pathogenic risk with zoonotic potential.
Southern Tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla) belong to the specialized placental myrmecophages. There is not much information about their intestinal microbiome. Moreover, due to their food ...specialization, it is difficult to create an adequate diet under breeding conditions. Therefore, we used 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to analyze the fecal microbiome of captive Southern Tamanduas from four locations in the Czech Republic and evaluated the impact of the incoming diet and facility conditions on microbiome composition. Together with the microbiome analysis, we also quantified and identified cultivable commensals. The anteater fecal microbiome was dominated by the phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota, while Pseudomonadota, Spirochaetota, and Actinobacteriota were less abundant. At the taxonomic family level, Lachnospiraceae, Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Leuconostocaceae, and Streptococcaceae were mainly represented in the fecal microbiome of animals from all locations. Interestingly, Lactobacillaceae dominated in the location with a zoo-made diet. These animals also had significantly lower diversity of gut microbiome in comparison with animals from other locations fed mainly with a complete commercial diet. Moreover, captive conditions of analyzed anteater included other factors such as the enrichment of the diet with insect-based products, probiotic interventions, the presence of other animals in the exposure, which can potentially affect the composition of the microbiome and cultivable microbes. In total, 63 bacterial species from beneficial commensal to opportunistic pathogen were isolated and identified using MALDI-TOF MS in the set of more than one thousand selected isolates. Half of the detected species were present in the fecal microbiota of most animals, the rest varied across animals and locations.
Probiotics are a potential strategy for salmonellosis control. A defined pig microbiota (DPM) mixture of nine bacterial strains previously exhibited probiotic and anti-Salmonella properties in vitro. ...Therefore, we evaluated its gut colonization ability and protection effect against S. typhimurium LT2-induced infection in the gnotobiotic piglet model. The DPM mixture successfully colonized the piglet gut and was stable and safe until the end of the experiment. The colon was inhabited by about 9 log CFU g−1 with a significant representation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli compared to ileal levels around 7–8 log CFU g−1. Spore-forming clostridia and bacilli seemed to inhabit the environment only temporarily. The bacterial consortium contributed to the colonization of the gut at an entire length. The amplicon profile analysis supported the cultivation trend with a considerable representation of lactobacilli with bacilli in the ileum and bifidobacteria with clostridia in the colon. Although there was no significant Salmonella-positive elimination, it seems that the administered bacteria conferred the protection of infected piglets because of the slowed delayed infection manifestation without translocations of Salmonella cells to the blood circulation. Due to its colonization stability and potential protective anti-Salmonella traits, the DPM mixture has promising potential in pig production applications. However, advanced immunological tests are needed.
Dietary plant glucosides are phytochemicals whose bioactivity and bioavailability can be modified by glucoside hydrolase activity of intestinal microbiota through the release of acylglycones. ...Bifidobacteria are gut commensals whose genomic potential indicates host-adaption as they possess a diverse set of glycosyl hydrolases giving access to a variety of dietary glycans. We hypothesized bifidobacteria with β-glucosidase activity could use plant glucosides as fermentation substrate and tested 115 strains assigned to eight different species and from different hosts for their potential to express β-glucosidases and ability to grow in the presence of esculin, amygdalin, and arbutin. Concurrently, the antibacterial activity of arbutin and its acylglycone hydroquinone was investigated. Beta-glucosidase activity of bifidobacteria was species specific and most prevalent in species occurring in human adults and animal hosts. Utilization and fermentation profiles of plant glucosides differed between strains and might provide a competitive benefit enabling the intestinal use of dietary plant glucosides as energy sources. Bifidobacterial β-glucosidase activity can increase the bioactivity of plant glucosides through the release of acylglycone.
spp. has been isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of diverse mammalian hosts. Their presence is often associated with host health complications, as is evident from many previously published ...medical case reports. However, only a handful of studies have made proper identification. Most other identifications were solely based on typical
like morphology without genotyping. Therefore, the aim of this work was culture detection and the taxonomic classification of
isolates originating from different mammalian hosts.
like colonies were isolated and collected during cultivation analyses of animal fecal samples (
= 197) from primates, dogs, calves of domestic cattle, elephants, and rhinoceroses. The study was carried out on apparently healthy animals kept in zoos or by breeders in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Selected isolates were identified and compared using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA;
, and
). The results indicate the taxonomic variability of
isolates.
appears to be a common gut microorganism in various captive primates. In contrast, a random occurrence was also recorded in dogs. However, dog isolate N13/4e could represent the next potential novel
taxonomic unit. Also, a potentially novel
species was found in elephants, with occurrences in all tested hosts.
isolates were detected rarely, only in rhinoceroses. Although
bacteria are often linked to lethal diseases, our results indicate that
spp. appear to be a common member of the gut microbiota and seem to be an opportunistic pathogen. Further characterization and pathogenic analyses are required.
Current studies indicate a link between the intake of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) and the induction of complex changes in the intestinal microbiota, as well as the clinical improvement of ...Crohn's disease (CD). The first aim of this study was to test the ability of various commensal bacterial strains (
= 19) such as bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and
to grow on three different polymeric EN
. Tested EN formulas were found to be suitable growth media for tested commensals. Furthermore, the counts of these bacteria and total counts of anaerobic bacteria in the fecal samples of children with CD (
= 15) before and after 6 weeks of EEN diet administration were determined using cultivation on selective media. The counts of cultivable commensal bacteria in the fecal samples of CD children were not significantly affected by EEN. However, tested bacteria showed some individual shifts in counts before and after EEN therapy. Moreover, cultured bifidobacteria were found to be in reduced counts in CD children. Therefore, the application of bifidogenic prebiotic compounds to EN for CD patients might be considered.
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•Enteral nutrition (EN) formulas contain variable nutrient and prebiotic compounds.•Cultivable commensal bacteria of faecal microbiota are able to use EN formulas like growth media in ...vitro.•Composition differences of EN formulas affecting individual microbial shift and metabolite profile after cultivation.•Functional components should be personalised based on individual host microbiota.
Enteral nutrition (EN) formulas of polymeric type ordinarily have similar content of intact macronutrients but may vary in prebiotic saccharides and micronutrients. These components can play an important role in the intestinal microbiota modulation. The aim of this study was to investigate microbial changes of faecal samples after their in vitro anaerobic cultivation in four polymeric EN formulas using plate technique method, metabolite analysis, and microbiota profiling using 16S rRNA sequencing. Detected cultivable commensal groups (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Escherichia coli) in faecal samples of donors were able to grow in EN formulas. However, their counts varied depending on the individual donor and the type of EN formula. Similar trend was found in detected metabolites such as acetate, lactate, and butyrate. Also, taxonomic composition and diversity of original and cultivated faecal microbiota of one individual on different EN formula indicate a possible effect of the prebiotics and micronutrients to modulate gut microbiota.
A balanced microbiota is a main prerequisite for the host's health. The aim of the present work was to develop defined pig microbiota (DPM) with the potential ability to protect piglets against ...infection with
Typhimurium, which causes enterocolitis. A total of 284 bacterial strains were isolated from the colon and fecal samples of wild and domestic pigs or piglets using selective and nonselective cultivation media. Isolates belonging to 47 species from 11 different genera were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The bacterial strains for the DPM were selected for anti-
activity, ability to aggregate, adherence to epithelial cells, and to be bile and acid tolerant. The selected combination of 9 strains was identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene as
sp.,
subsp.
,
,
,
,
subsp.
,
subsp.
, and
(two strains) did not show mutual inhibition, and the mixture was stable under freezing for at least 6 months. Moreover, strains were classified as safe without pathogenic phenotype and resistance to antibiotics. Future experiments with
-infected piglets are needed to test the protective effect of the developed DPM.
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