Determine the prevalence of suicide attempts and the relationships between the different causes of attempts with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among individuals in Iran.
A ...retrospective review of data about suicide attempts from poisoning care centers in Babol city between 2017 and 2021. Multinomial regression analysis (with mental illness being the reference variable) was used to determine the factors associated with the different causes of suicide attempts (addiction, romantic relationship problems, and economic problems).
The overall prevalence of completed suicide in the population sampled was 10.8% (95% confidence interval 9.5-12.1) (244/2,263). Relative to mental disorder, given that other variables in the model are held constant the following were associated with suicide attempts. A previous history of suicide attempts was associated with increasing the relative risk ratio of attempting suicide while having no positive history of smoking was associated with reducing the relative risk ratio of a suicidal attempt. However, the use of multiple drugs to attempt suicide was associated with an increased relative risk ratio of attempting suicide with romantic relationship problems and addiction as causes of suicide attempts. The first year of data collection (2017) and the female gender were both associated with an increased relative risk ratio of having a suicide attempt due to romantic relationships and economic problems. A family history of suicide was associated with an increased relative risk ratio of suicide attempts due to romantic relationship problems. However, using Pesticides-aluminum phosphide and detergent and javel water to attempt reduced the relative risk ratio of attempting due to romantic relationship problems. Age, self-employment, middle income, and married were associated with an increased relative risk ratio of suicide attempts among individuals due to addiction. However, staying longer at the emergency department was associated with a reduced relative risk ratio of having had a suicide attempt due to addiction.
This study highlights the interplay between romantic hardships, addiction, economic hardships as reasons for suicide attempts and various sociable variables in a population in Northern Iran. The most associated reason for suicide attempts was romantic relationship hardships. Therefore, interventions such as sessions on conflict resolution, boundary setting, and management of grieving would greatly benefit this society and reduce the rate of suicide, especially among individuals with a history of suicide attempts.
In this study, whey protein isolate (WPI) solution (12% w/v) was mixed with alginate or carrageenan at a concentration of 2.5 mg mL
− 1
and then enriched with CaCl
2
(30 mM) to prepare mixed ...hydrogels with modulated functional properties and high stability to gastrointestinal degradation. The mixed gels enriched with CaCl
2
had higher hardness (approximately sixfold) and lower water holding capacity (WHC) compared to the other hydrogel samples (
P
< 0.05). The highest (100%) and lowest (about 70%) WHC were observed for gel made of WPI/carrageenan and gel made of WPI/CaCl
2
, respectively. The WPI-alginate/carrageenan composite gels showed more homogenous and compact structure with lower pore sizes than the CaCl
2
-enriched pairs. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis, intermolecular interactions between WPI and alginate/carrageenan and CaCl
2
were occurred in the amorphous phase. Furthermore, the results revealed that the binary hydrogels made of WPI and carrageenan/alginate had lower swelling degree and protein degradation rate under simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions. Generally, the results of this study suggested that the mixed WPI-polysaccharide (alginate/carrageenan) based hydrogels can be used for the site-specific delivery of bioactive molecules and designing of novel functional foods with modulable technological functionalities.
Nanofibrillation of proteins by heating at extremely acidic condition for long durations (several hours to days) is studied enthusiastically in food science. The process progresses by the ...unidirectional self-assembly of peptides as building units of the fibrils.
This communication provides a review on the underlying mechanism of protein fibrillation, and various technological properties of the fibrils, followed by discussing their biological and cellular effects.
Fibrillation of proteins and addition of the fibrils into liquid foods causes a significant increase of apparent viscosity. Nevertheless, certain post-fibrillation processes such as freeze-drying may result in viscosity reduction. Fibrils form cohesive viscoelastic interfaces, bringing about high foam and emulsion stability. The presence of non-fibrillated peptides and low molecular weight surfactants influence the foaming and emulsification properties of fibrillated protein solutions. Fibrillated protein can yield cold-set gels at extremely low concentrations, which is attributed to formation of space filling networks. Reinforcing polymeric films, conferring hydrophilic character to graphene, developing drug and nutraceutical delivery vehicles such as microcapsules, microgels and fibrillosome and utilization (mostly as scaffolds) in fabrication of biosensors and bio-sorbents are the other applications of protein fibrils. Fibrillation may increase the antioxidant activity of proteins. It can also influence protein digestibility. Fibrils do not exert any major toxicity towards human cell lines and can be exploited as biomimetic cell culture platforms and cellular transport shuttles.
•Some food proteins form fibrils by prolonged heating at acidic condition.•The fibrils can be used as viscosifying, interface stabilizing and gelling agents.•They may also be used to increase the strength and hydrophilicity of films.•Fabrication of delivery systems, biosensors and bio-sorbents are other applications.•The fibrils are digestible, not toxic and show potential for intracellular delivery.
A novel active packaging system was developed based on mung bean protein incorporated with
Echium amoenum
extract. Different amounts of anthocyanin-rich extract (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% v/v) were ...added to the film-forming solutions and the films were characterized. The addition of anthocyanins increased the film thickness, water solubility, and water vapor permeability; however, the moisture content of the film was decreased. The tensile strength and elongation at break of films were also enhanced significantly by the addition of anthocyanins-rich extract. The color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) indicated remarkable changes after the incorporation of extract into the films. The scanning electron microscopy was utilized to investigate the surface and cross-sectional areas of the active films. The structural changes resulted from enriching with extract were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The antioxidant activity as well as the total phenolic content of active films was improved after the incorporation of anthocyanin-rich extract. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of active films on
E. coli
and
S. aureus
revealed that anthocyanin-containing films could inhibit bacterial growth. The film samples containing extract also showed different colors under different pH conditions. These findings suggested that these types of antioxidant films can be applied for food packaging application.
Recently, nanoencapsulation was introduced as an efficient and promising approach for the protection, delivery, and site-specific liberation of the nutraceuticals and bioactive ingredients. Food ...proteins are attractive materials for developing nanocarriers to protect and deliver bioactives due to their unique functional and biological properties. Food proteins extracted from animals and plants have the ability to form different nanostructures including nanoparticles, hollow particles, nanogels, nanofibrillar aggregates, electrospun nanofibers, nanotubular structures, and nanocomplexes. These nanostructured food proteins have been widely used as nanocarriers for the biologically active compounds and drugs. The release of bioactive compounds from nanocarriers depends mainly on pH as well as swelling and the degradation behavior of nanostructure in the simulated physiological conditions. This review presents the applications of the nanostructured food proteins for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds. The major techniques for the fabrication of nanocarriers are described. The encapsulation, protection, and release of bioactive compounds in different nanostructured food proteins were also discussed.
Whey proteins were hydrolyzed to reach maximum in vitro antioxidant activity, followed by fibrillation via heating at pH 2.0. Heating of either whey protein isolate (WPI) or its antioxidant ...hydrolysate (WPH) formed fibrillar structures with diameters<10 nm and increased the antioxidant activity. Based on microscopic images and circular dichroism spectroscopy it was concluded that fibrillation potency of WPH was inferior to WPI due likely to the enzymatic destruction of α-helix structures and that antioxidant WPH yielded much less uni-sized fibrils in length than WPI solution. SDS-PAGE analysis proposed that proteins enzymatic hydrolysis prior to acidic hydrolysis during fibrillation process results in a heterogenous mixture of peptides that interfere with and limit the fibrillation of WPH. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy suggested a more extensive disruption of hydrogen bonds than their formation once WPI was fibrillated. The fibrillated antioxidant WPH was less shear-thinning (higher n index value) and consistent (i.e. lower K value), and more soluble (at ∼ pI) than fibrillated WPI. Foam stability of WPI and WPH improved upon fibrillation.
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•Whey protein isolate (WPI) and its antioxidant hydrolysate (WPH) were fibrillated.•Fibrillation increased the antioxidant activity of both WPI and WPH.•AFM imaging and CD spectroscopy suggested inferior fibrillation of WPH to WPI.•The foam stability and viscosity of the antioxidant WPH augmented by fibrillation.
INTRODUCTIONTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death, disability, and mental health disorders. A wide range of bioactive lipids, cytokines, and chemokines drives the inflammatory ...response. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of buprenorphine on moderate Trauma Brain Injury (mTBI) in rats. METHODSIn this study, 21 Wistar male rats weighing 230 ± 10 g were included. We trained cases by Morris water navigation task and mTBI induced by the pendulum. Then, buprenorphine treatment with 0.05 mg per kilogram of body weight continued from day 8 to 21. Finally, by Micro-Computed Tomography, behavioral evaluation by the Morris aqueous riddle test and biochemical factors of inflammation were assessed. RESULTSSevere subdural inflammation was more in the treatment group than in the control group. The behavior of Rats showed that in the buprenorphine group, the mean duration of finding the platform increased compared to the control and Sham groups. However, the groups had no significant differences (P > 0.05). Biochemically, buprenorphine increased prolactin and decreased cortisol compared to the control and trauma groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that buprenorphine causes fewer changes in behavioral functions in rats' models of mTBI and, because of their positive effect changes on inflammation biomarkers, biochemical behavioral tests, and CT scan images, could be ideal analgesic agents for pre-clinical responses after TBI.
This study aimed to use whey protein fibril (WPF) as a solubility enhancer for the quercetin at an acidic condition (pH 3.5) similar to the food beverages. The fibrillar aggregates formed by 6.0 h ...heating of whey protein solution showed the highest ability to form the soluble complexes with quercetin due to their high surface hydrophobicity. The sedimentation of quercetin during the storage was considerably decreased by binding to WPF. The association between WPF and quercetin through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding was detected by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of complexes was investigated using atomic force microscopy. The surface charge density, apparent viscosity, surface tension, and foaming properties (foaming capacity and foam stability) of WPF were affected by binding to quercetin. The bound quercetin endowed whey protein nanofibrils with a strong radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The release of quercetin from WPF-quercetin complex was investigated under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The results of this study revealed that whey protein nanofibril is an ideal natural nanoscale carrier for improving the water solubility of quercetin, and the resulting complexes can be used as novel multi-functional ingredients in the formulation of food products especially acidic beverages.
This study attempted to evaluate the efficacy of ultra-low-dose intravenous (IV) naloxone combined with IV morphine, as compared to IV morphine alone, in terms of reducing pain and morphine-induced ...side effects in patients with renal colic.
In this double-blind clinical trial, 150 patients aged 34 to 60 years old who presented to the emergency department (ED) with renal colic were randomly allocated to either an intervention group that received ultra-low-dose IV naloxone combined with IV morphine or to a control group that received morphine plus a placebo. The severity of pain, sedation, and nausea were assessed and recorded for all patients at entrance to the ED (T1), then at 20 (T2), 40 (T3), 60 (T4), 120 (T5), and 180 (T6) minutes after starting treatment. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used for the assessment of pain and nausea intensities, and the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) was used to assess sedation.
A GEE model revealed that patients in the naloxone group had non-significantly reduced pain scores compared to those in the morphine group (coefficient = −0.68; 95% CI: −1.24 to −0.11, Wald X2 (1) = 5.41, p = 0.02). The sedation outcome demonstrated no statistically significant differences at T1 to T4 among patients with renal colic compared to the ones who only received morphine. At T5 and T6, 1.5% vs. 20% and 1.5% vs. 16.9% of subjects from the naloxone group versus the morphine group obtained RSS scores equal to 3, respectively (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively).
Compared to patients who only received IV morphine, co-treatment of ultra-low-dose naloxone with morphine could not provide better analgesia and sedation/agitation states in renal colic patients.
In this study, antioxidant and antibacterial edible films based on whey protein isolate (WPI) and nettle leaf extract (NLE) were developed. NLE at different concentrations (0, 10, 30, and 50%) was ...added to the WPI film-forming solution and the bioactive films were produced by the casting method. The results showed that the addition of NLE into the WPI films increased their thickness and elongation, whereas decreased their moisture content, water solubility, water vapor permeability, and tensile strength. The results also indicated that the enriching of WPI films with NLE increased their darkness, yellowness, and greenness. The FTIR spectroscopy showed that the hydrogen bonds were formed in the film matrix between WPI and NLE. The XRD analysis also showed that these interactions have been taken place in the amorphous phase. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging activity and reducing power) of WPI were also significantly increased by enriching with NLE. The NLE-enriched films also showed antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Escherichia coli
. Generally, the findings of this work suggested that the incorporation of NLE into the WPI-based films can lead to the production of eco-friendly antioxidant and antibacterial biopolymer-based food packaging systems.
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