The French Verb Tense System in the Psychomechanics of Language. This article presents Gustave Guillaume's theory of tense, mode and aspect, applied to the French verb tense system.
La question de l’argument par analogie est abordée non pas dans le cadre des théories de l’argumentation mais dans celui d’une théorie de l’analogie. Ce changement de perspective conduit à une ...clarification de ce type d’argument reposant sur la mise en évidence de deux distinctions cruciales : la distinction entre similarité et analogie d’une part, entre fonction discursive et fonction figurative de l’analogie d’autre part. Ces distinctions permettent de clarifier la relation qui existe entre argument par analogie et argument par métaphore.
Argumentative Function and Figurative Function of Analogy: What Relationship between Argument by Analogy and Argument by Metaphor?
The question of argument by analogy is discussed not in the framework of the theories of argumentation but in that of a theory of analogy. This change in perspective leads to a clarification of this category of argument based on the demonstration of two crucial distinctions: the distinction between similarity and analogy on the one hand, between discursive function and figurative function of analogy on the other hand. These distinctions make it possible to clarify the relation between argument by analogy and argument by metaphor.
This paper aims to put into perspective, through an epistemological approach the theories of blending (or “conceptual integration”, CI) and analogy. It is based on the integration of cognitive ...semantics approach (Fauconnier, 1985; Fauconnier and Turner, 1996, 1998 and 2002), analogical linguistics approach (Monneret 2004, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023) and cognitive psychology approach (Gentner 1983; Gentner et al., 2001; Hofstadter, 2001; Hofstadter and Fluid Analogies Research Group 1995; Hofstadter and Sander, 2013). More specifically, the question posed is whether the analogical process underlies the formation and structuring of CI or whether CI is just a special case of analogical process. The paper will develop in three points i) an introduction to mental spaces and CI aimed at examining the place of analogy in the model; ii) a presentation of the analogical model in linguistics; iii) a comparison between the two models.
In the domestic cat, elimination at an inappropriate location is considered by cat owners and non-cat owners as an undesirable behaviour. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a ...semiochemical formulation, reconstituted volatile fraction of cat anal gland secretions on the elimination behaviour of domestic cats. The study was conducted in four catteries, which housed 33 cats, using 37 litter trays and followed a randomised crossover design using the litter tray as the experimental unit. The parameters studied included daily elimination (urine plus stools) weight, urine weight, stool weight, elimination type and urine/stool quantity scoring. The parameters were analysed using GLMM with SAS 9.4 software. Four out of the six parameters studied showed a treatment effect, consistently in favour of cats defecating significantly less in the litter trays sprayed with the treatment versus litter trays sprayed with the control (elimination weight
= 0.0199; elimination type
= 0.0251; stool weight
= 0.0005 and stool quantity
= 0.003). These results demonstrate that an intraspecific semiochemical message originating from cat anal glands influences cats' defecation location.
Unwanted toileting is amongst the most undesirable behaviors in domestic cats and can lead to conflicts between cats and the communities they are living in. This study aimed to confirm the effect of ...a semiochemical composition, reconstituted volatile fraction derived from cat anal glands, on the elimination behavior of domestic cats. A total of 31 cats were tested individually, for 23 h, in a blinded randomized choice test, with two litter trays, one sprayed with the treatment and the other with the control. Parameters included elimination weight, urine only weight, the record of the elimination type and counting of urine spots and stools, exploration duration of each litter tray, and first and second choice of litter tray to eliminate. Across all parameters, cats urinated and defecated significantly less in the litter tray where the semiochemical composition was sprayed than in the litter tray where the control was sprayed (for example: elimination weight p < 0.0001; urine only weight p < 0.0001; exploration duration p < 0.0001, and first elimination choice p < 0.0001). These results demonstrate that a semiochemical composition-derived from cat anal glands significantly decreases elimination at the location where it is sprayed. Future research is warranted to explore the possibility to manage unwanted toileting using this semiochemical composition.
It is now widely recognised that a positive human-animal relationship is beneficial not only for farm animals' welfare but also for productivity and the quality of products. A better understanding of ...animal emotions is an important goal in disciplines ranging from neuroscience to animal welfare science, but few reliable tools exist for measuring these emotions. In this study, whether the provision of toys to solicit play behaviour in pigs is associated with a change in the human-animal relationship and the emotional state of pigs was investigated. We involved a group of sixteen mini-pigs housed in an experimental setting and the use of a preliminary test called the 'strange person' test. After a Control and a Play session (with medium-sized dog toys, balls with ropes), the strange person test was performed. During the test, a person wearing a colourful overall, a hood, a mask, gloves and boots (unknown person with an odd appearance) entered the pen, where 2 mini-pigs were housed, for a 2-min video recording. The strange person test results after the Play and Control sessions were compared. The results showed that the latency to approach the person (duration in seconds) and the duration for which the pig was distant from the strange person (duration in seconds) were significantly lower after the Play session than after the Control session (Degrees of Freedom =30; Statistic of the F test =39.1; p < 0.0001 and Degrees of Freedom =15; Statistic of the F test =54.3; p < 0.0001, respectively). The duration of direct contact (duration in seconds) (Degrees of Freedom =15; Statistic of the F test =14.8; p = 0.002), the need to separate the pig from the strange person (frequency) (Degrees of Freedom =30; Statistic of the F test =9.3; p = 0.005) and the duration of tail movement (duration in seconds) (Degrees of Freedom =15; Statistic of the F test =12.6; p = 0.003) were all significantly higher after the Play sessions than after the Control sessions. Overall, the results suggest a change in the human-animal relationship after the Play sessions: the pigs seemed to be less fearful and more inclined to interact with the strange person, showing a more positive emotional state. This preliminary study suggests that the provision of toys, and more precisely, the opportunity to perform object play behaviour, and sometimes, spontaneously, social play behaviour, can improve the human-animal relationship. Additional research to explore this topic thoroughly may yield interesting results because a positive emotional state of the animals and a good human-animal relationship are essential to ensure good quality of life of farm animals.
La définition du symbolisme phonétique est fluctuante et parfois confuse. Après avoir montré l’intérêt grandissant, mais qui demeure marginal, pour ce type de phénomène linguistique, nous proposons ...une analyse critique de la typologie très fréquemment citée de Hinton, Nichols et Ohala (1994), puis du traitement de la question dans la perspective de l’iconicité et, enfin, dans une perspective analogique. Une définition du prototype du symbolisme phonétique est proposée comme analogie phonosémantique, une analogie qui présente trois caractéristiques : elle implique un élément phonique, elle est binaire et hétérogène.
Cet article a pour objet de mettre en perspective, selon une approche épistémologique, les théories du blending (ou « intégration conceptuelle ») et de l’analogie. Il se situe dans le cadre de la ...sémantique cognitive (Fauconnier, 1985 ; Fauconnier et Turner, 1996, 1998 et 2002), de la linguistique analogique (Monneret 2004, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023) et de la psychologie cognitive (Gentner 1983 ; Gentner et al., 2001 ; Hofstadter 2001 ; Hofstadter et Fluid Analogies Research Group 1995; Hofstadter et Sander 2013). Plus spécifiquement, la question posée est celle de savoir si le processus analogique est sous-jacent à la formation et à la structuration de l’IC ou si ce dernier n’est qu’un cas particulier de processus analogique. L’article se développera en trois points i) une introduction aux espaces mentaux et à l’IC visant à examiner la place de l’analogie dans le modèle ; ii) une présentation du modèle analogique en linguistique ; iii) une comparaison entre les deux modèles.
La définition du symbolisme phonétique est fluctuante et parfois confuse. Après avoir montré l'intérêt grandissant, mais qui demeure marginal, pour ce type de phénomène linguistique, nous proposons ...une analyse critique de la typologie très fréquemment citée de Hinton, Nichols et Ohala (1994), puis du traitement de la question dans la perspective de l'iconicité et, enfin, dans une perspective analogique. Une définition du prototype du symbolisme phonétique est proposée comme analogie phonosémantique, une analogie qui présente trois caractéristiques : elle implique un élément phonique, elle est binaire et hétérogène.
Monneret Philippe. Le problème de la représentation et sa solution dans la linguistique de Gustave Guillaume, lecteur de Saussure. In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 40, fascicule 1, 2018. ...Représentations et opérations dans le langage. pp. 49-66.
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