Plant-based materials are an important source of bioactive compounds (BC) with interesting industrial applications. Therefore, adequate experimental strategies for maximizing their recovery yield are ...required. Among all procedures for extracting BC (maceration, Soxhlet, hydro-distillation, pulsed-electric field, enzyme, microwave, high hydrostatic pressure, and supercritical fluids), the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) highlighted as an advanced, cost-efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative for recovering BC (polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids) from plant sources with higher yields. However, the UAE efficiency is influenced by several factors, including operational variables and extraction process (frequency, amplitude, ultrasonic power, pulse cycle, type of solvent, extraction time, solvent-to-solid ratio, pH, particle size, and temperature) that exert an impact on the molecular structures of targeted molecules, leading to variations in their biological properties. In this context, a diverse design of experiments (DOEs), including full or fractional factorial, Plackett-Burman, Box-Behnken, Central composite, Taguchi, Mixture, D-optimal, and Doehlert have been investigated alone and in combination to optimize the UAE of BC from plant-based materials, using the response surface methodology and mathematical models in a simple or multi-factorial/multi-response approach. The present review summarizes the advantages and limitations of the most common DOEs investigated to optimize the UAE of bioactive compounds from plant-based materials.
The soursop fruit or
(
fruit is recognized by its bioactive compounds and acetogenins (ACG) are among the most important. The effect of ACGs, with greater importance in health, is that they present ...anti-tumor activity; however, the methods of extraction of ACGs are very slow and with a high expenditure of solvents. To our knowledge, there is no report of an optimal method for the extraction of acetogenins from the Annonaceae family by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE); therefore, the aim was to find the best UEA conditions of acetogenins from
fruit (peel, pulp, seed, and columella) by using response surface methodology. The effect of amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%), time (5, 10, and 15 min), and pulse-cycle (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s) of ultrasound at 24 kHz was evaluated on the total acetogenin content (TAC). Optimal extraction conditions of acetogenins (ACGs) with UEA were compared with the extraction of ACGs by maceration. The optimal UEA conditions in the
pulp and by-products were dependent on each raw material. The highest TAC was found in the seed (13.01 mg/g dry weight (DW)), followed by the peel (1.69 mg/g DW), the pulp (1.67 mg/g DW), and columella (1.52 mg/g DW). The experimental TAC correlated well with the model (Adjusted
with values between 0.88 and 0.97). The highest effectiveness in ACG extraction was obtained in seeds and peels using UEA compared to extraction by maceration (993% and 650%, respectively). The results showed that
by-products are an important source of ACGs and that UAE could be a viable alternative, with high potential for large-scale extraction.
Phenolic acids (PAs) are molecules of vegetable origin with high antioxidant capacity (AOXC) attributed to their hydroxyl groups. Vegetable cells store PAs within vacuoles, and when disrupted through ...mastication or food processing, PAs can interact with other molecules like fibers, which alters their AOXC. Mango (
Mangifera indica
L.) cv Ataulfo contains PAs and fiber, particularly pectin. Previous reports indicate that PAs interact between themselves and affect each other’s AOXC. The present work analyzed the interactions between the main PAs from mango cv Ataulfo and pectin, and how pectin affects their AOXC. We used UV–Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry and AOXC assays to study how pectin influences gallic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic and vanillic acid, individually, and in combinations of two, three and four PAs. Results showed that gallic acid was the most affected by the presence of pectin, which was related to its number and position of hydroxyl groups. The effect of pectin was not as obvious when three or four PAs were combined, suggesting that PAs preferentially interact among themselves, likely through hydrogen bonds. Pectin exerted mostly synergistic effects on AOXC values when added to one, two and four combined PAs; antagonistic effects were recorded when pectin was added to three combined PAs. The effect of pectin on AOXC was more noticeable when analyzed by the ORAC assay, and less when analyzed by the DPPH assay. Basic knowledge of the interactions between PAs and pectin is of great importance, since they are normally consumed alongside each other.
The objective of this work was to find the optimal conditions by thermosonication-assisted extraction (TSAE) of the total acetogenin content (TAC) and yield from A. muricata seeds, assessing the ...effect of the temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C), sonication amplitude (80, 90, and 100%), and pulse-cycle (0.5, 0.7, and 1 s). In addition, optimal TSAE conditions of acetogenins (ACGs) were compared with extraction by ultrasound at 25 °C and the soxhlet method measuring TAC and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, solubility and identification of isolated ACGs were performed. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of ACGs crude extract and isolated ACGs was evaluated. Optimal TSAE conditions to extract the highest TAC (35.89 mg/g) and yield (3.6%) were 50 °C, 100% amplitude, and 0.5 s pulse-cycle. TSAE was 2.17-fold and 15.60-fold more effective than ultrasound at 25 °C and the Soxhlet method to extract ACGs with antioxidant capacity. Isolated ACGs were mostly soluble in acetone and methanol. Seven ACGs were identified, and pseudoannonacin was the most abundant. The inhibition of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis was higher from isolated ACGs than crude extract. TSAE was effective to increase the yield in the ACGs extraction from A. muricata seeds and these ACGs have important antifungal activity.
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•The resistant starch microcapsules into the films improved quality in guava fruit.•The AA into the coverage showed a synergistic effect in the storage life of guava.•Starch/RR ...coverage decreases the respiration rate in the guava.•The weight loss decreased and firmness increase by use of edible coating.
Filmogenic solutions based on chayotextle (Shechium edule Sw.) starch mixed with microcapsules of resistant starch (RS) containing ascorbic acid (AA) were used as coatings for guavas. The viscosity properties of the coatings were affected by the concentration of microcapsules in the filmogenic solution. Fruits were coated by dipping them in filmogenic solutions without microcapsules (control) or in solutions with a concentration of microcapsules of 6.25% or 12.5%. Fruits were stored under controlled conditions (4 °C, 65% relative humidity), and the loss of weight, changes in the respiration rate (RR) and physicochemical parameters were assessed. In general, fruits coated with the control solution and solutions containing 6.25% and 12.5% microcapsules showed significant changes in the content of total soluble solids (TSS), pH, and titratable acidity (TA). Significant decreases in RR, firmness and weight were observed in fruits covered with the 12.5%, 6.25% and control solutions, respectively. Fruits covered with edible coatings showed a decrease in ripening, with lower values for their physicochemical properties and reduced changes in surface color compared with uncoated fruits.
The postharvest application of high degree of polymerization agave fructans (HDPAF) was tested, evaluating anthracnose disease, defense-related enzyme activities, and quality attributes in avocado ...fruit. Application of a 20% HDPAF solution showed a reduction in anthracnose severity (60%) and incidence (34%) compared to the other concentrations evaluated and the water-treated control. Polyphenoloxidase activity increased 4.6 times more 24 h after treatment. In addition, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity was 4.34 and 1.7 times higher than the control at 0.5 h after treatment. HDPAF retrieves the deceleration of both firmness loss and physiological weight loss compared to the control. Regarding quality parameters such as color, pH, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity, no significant differences were observed between treatments compared to the control; therefore, these parameters were not negatively affected by HDPAF treatments, but a positive effect on the induction of the defense system is shown.
•Bioactive peptides obtained from chicken by-products can be used as functional ingredients in the food industry.•It has been demonstrated that bioactive peptides from chicken by-products have ...activity biological.•Peptides from chicken by-products could be used in pharmaceutical industry.
The production and consumption of poultry products (chicken, duck, and turkey) are continually growing throughout the world, leading to the generation of thousands of tons of organic by-products, which may be important sources of bioactive peptides. The bioactive peptides isolated from poultry by-products have biological properties that can be useful in the prevention of different metabolic diseases and hence, their consumption could be beneficial for human health. Such peptides can be used as nutraceuticals, and their inclusion as active components of functional food products is increasingly gaining attention. The aim of this review was to present the investigations of the biological effect of the peptides obtained from different poultry by-products and the possible mechanisms of action underlying these effects.
Nanosuspensions (NSps) are colloidal dispersions of particles that have the potential to solve the delivery problems of active ingredients associated with their low solubility in water or instability ...due to environmental factors. It is essential to consider their chemical composition and preparation methods because they directly influence drug loading, size, morphology, solubility, and stability; these characteristics of nanosuspensions influence the delivery and bioavailability of active ingredients. NSps provides high loading of drugs, protection against degrading agents, rapid dissolution, high particle stability, and high bioavailability of active ingredients across biological membranes. In addition, they provide lower toxicity compared to other nanocarriers, such as liposomes or polymeric nanoparticles, and can modify the pharmacokinetic profiles, thus improving their safety and efficacy. The present review aims to address all aspects related to the composition of NSps, the different methods for their production, and the main factors affecting their stability. Moreover, recent studies are described as carriers of active ingredients and their biological activities.
Linn. Malvaceae (HS) is characterized by its edible calyxes. The HS calyxes are widely used for cosmetic, food, and medicinal applications. According to ethnobotanical evidence, decoction, infusion, ...or maceration extracts from HS calyxes have been used in folk medicine to treat many ailments. Moreover, several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the pharmacological properties and potential human health benefits of HS consumption. On the other hand, the evaluation of the physiological effects and health benefits of HS in clinical studies is most challenging. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes and discusses the physiological effects and health benefits of HS calyxes reported in clinical trials. Preparations obtained from HS calyxes (extracts, infusions, decoction, teas, beverages, capsules, and pills) are used as non-pharmacological therapies to prevent/control diverse chronic non-communicable diseases. The most-reported HS health benefits are its antihypertensive, antidyslipidemic, hypoglycemic, body fat mass reduction, nephroprotective, antianemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-xerostomic activities; these effects are associated with the phytochemicals found in HS. Moreover, no adverse effects were reported during the clinical trials. However, clinical studies exhibited some limitations; thus, further studies are required to validate the clinical efficacy of HS in large-scale studies with higher doses and a good experimental design.
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