Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is widely used; however, the efficiency of extraction depends on the raw materials. Therefore, optimization of UAE must be investigated for each type of plant ...material. By-products from soursop fruit have not been studied as a source of bioactive compounds. In this work, the optimization of UAE conditions (extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min), pulse cycle (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s), and sonication amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%)) for the extraction of phenolic compounds (soluble, hydrolyzable, condensed tannins, and total polyphenols) from soursop by-products (seed, peel, and columella) and pulp was evaluated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for UAE to obtain the highest total polyphenol content from by-products and pulp was dependent on the raw material. Peel resulted in the highest content of total polyphenols (187.32 mg/g dry matter DM) followed by columella (164.14 mg/g DM), seed (36.15 mg/g DM), and pulp (33.24 mg/g DM). The yield of polyphenolic content from peel and columella obtained with UAE was higher (32⁻37%) than conventional extraction for 2 h under stirring (14⁻16%). The contents of gallic acid (0.36⁻15.86 µg/g DM), coumaric acid (0.07⁻1.37 µg/g DM), and chlorogenic acid (9.18⁻32.67 µg/g DM) in the different parts of the fruit were higher in the extracts obtained by UAE compared with a conventional extraction method (0.08⁻0.61, 0.05⁻0.08, 3.15⁻13.08 µg/g DM, respectively), although it was dependent on the raw materials. Soursop by-products can be functionally important if they are used to extract bioactive compounds by UAE; a technology with high potential for commercial extraction on a large scale.
The Annonaceae family is one of the oldest angiosperms. The genus
is the one with the most species and, together with
the only ones that contain edible fruits. In the last 10 years, interest in these ...fruit species has increased, mainly due to their nutritional properties and their application in the treatment of human diseases. Mexico is the center of origin for most of them. However, at present much of the basic agronomic information, postharvest handling of the fruits, and their potential as new crops for areas with poor soils in organic matter or semi-dry climates is unknown. It is considered that these custard apple species may be an option to change towards instead of crops that have lost profitability and sustainability. A review of the current state of knowledge in different areas of the species
, and
was carried out and to focus research efforts on the topics of greatest interest and on those where is required to achieve a sustainable production and use of these resources in Mexico. However, knowledge about the cultivation and potential uses of these species is needed to increase their commercialization; the integration of interdisciplinary and interinstitutional groups is required.
Chitosan-TiO2: A Versatile Hybrid Composite Anaya-Esparza, Luis Miguel; Ruvalcaba-Gómez, José Martín; Maytorena-Verdugo, Claudia Ivette ...
Materials,
02/2020, Letnik:
13, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In recent years, a strong interest has emerged in hybrid composites and their potential uses, especially in chitosan–titanium dioxide (CS–TiO2) composites, which have interesting technological ...properties and applications. This review describes the reported advantages and limitations of the functionalization of chitosan by adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Their effects on structural, textural, thermal, optical, mechanical, and vapor barrier properties and their biodegradability are also discussed. Evidence shows that the incorporation of TiO2 onto the CS matrix improves all the above properties in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the CS–TiO2 composite exhibits great potential applications including antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi; UV-barrier properties when it is used for packaging and textile purposes; environmental applications for removal of heavy metal ions and degradation of diverse water pollutants; biomedical applications as a wound-healing material, drug delivery system, or by the development of biosensors. Furthermore, no cytotoxic effects of CS–TiO2 have been reported on different cell lines, which supports their use for food and biomedical applications. Moreover, CS–TiO2 has also been used as an anti-corrosive material. However, the development of suitable protocols for CS–TiO2 composite preparation is mandatory for industrial-scale implementation.
Annona muricata L. (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) is a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit which has some medicinal merits, but also some toxicological effects. This review focuses on the ...phytochemicals contents, bioactivity, biological actions and toxicological aspects of extracts and isolated compounds, as well as medicinal uses of A. muricata, with the objective of stimulating further studies on extracts and fruit pulp used for human consumption. Traditional medicinal uses of A. muricata have been identified in tropical regions to treat diverse ailments such as fever, pain, respiratory and skin illness, internal and external parasites, bacterial infections, hypertension, inflammation, diabetes and cancer. More than 200 chemical compounds have been identified and isolated from this plant; the most important being alkaloids, phenols and acetogenins. Using in vitro studies, extracts and phytochemicals of A. muricata have been characterized as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, insecticide, larvicide, and cytotoxic to tumor cells. In vivo studies of the crude extracts and isolated compounds of A. muricata were shown to possess anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, contraceptive, anti-tumoral, antiulceric, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric and hypoglycemic activities. In addition, clinical studies support the hypoglycemic activity of the ethanolic extracts of A. muricata leaves. Mechanisms of action of some pharmacological activities have been elucidated, such as cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociception and hypotensive activities. However, some phytochemical compounds isolated from A. muricata have shown a neurotoxic effect in vitro and in vivo, and therefore, these crude extracts and isolated compounds need to be further investigated to define the magnitude of the effects, optimal dosage, mechanisms of action, long-term safety, and potential side effects. Additionally, clinical studies are necessary to support the therapeutic potential of this plant. Keywords: Annona muricata, Traditional medicine, Phytochemicals, Bioactivity, Cytotoxicity, Health
In the present study, we evaluated new sources of plant proteases from fruits of
Bromelia karatas
(BK) and
Bromelia pinguin
(BP) to obtain antioxidant hydrolyzates/bioactive peptides (BPs) derived ...from chicken by-products (CH) and fish by-products (FH). The profile of the peptides was identified by reverse-phase high-resolution liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the size weight distribution by molecular exclusion chromatography (SEC). The hydrolysates obtained with BK in both sources of by-products showed greater antioxidant capacity compared to those obtained with BP, presenting similar or higher values when compared to a commercial plant enzyme. The use of new sources of plant proteases allowed to obtain hydrolysates of hydrophilic character with a high percentage (> 50%) of peptides with molecular weights < 17.5 kDa from chicken and fish by-products. Therefore, based on the results obtained in antioxidant capacity it is possible to consider the hydrolysates as potential ingredients, food additives, and pharmaceutical products.
•Additives, 1-MCP and edible coatings decrease microbial growth in bulbs.•The weight loss and respiration rate were lower in treated bulbs.•The physicochemical and bioactive compounds were maintained ...in treated bulbs.•Edible coatings, additives and 1-MCP extend shelf life of jackfruit bulbs.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pretreatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and the application of edible coatings (xanthan, sodium alginate or gellan) on the ripening rate, quality parameters and shelf life of pre-cut jackfruit. The jackfruit bulbs dipped in potassium sorbate/calcium chloride “PS/CC” (T1) and PS/CC/1-MCP (T2) showed a more rapid ripening and greater microbial growth at 7 and 12days of storage. However, jackfruit bulbs with PS/CC/1-MCP and covered with xanthan, sodium alginate or gellan (T3, T4, and T5, respectively), showed a decrease in the ripening rate; thus weight loss and respiration rate were lower and the higher quality values as colour (°Hue), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) as well as pH were achieved until 12days of storage. Firmness values were higher in bulbs under T3, T4, and T5 compared to bulbs under T1 and T2. Microbial growth was delayed until the 12th day of storage in jackfruit bulbs with T3, T4, and T5. In general, manually peeled jackfruit stored at 5°C and coated with 1-MCP/edible coatings, maintained the quality and sensory acceptability of fresh-cut jackfruit and with a longer shelf life than previously reported.
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•Avocado fruit and its by-products are rich sources of nutrients and phytochemicals.•Avocado by-products exert anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities.•Avocado seeds ...phytochemical improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.•Starch and dietary fiber from avocado by-products could be used as biomaterials.•Avocado phytochemicals could be used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
The increased demand for avocado, and therefore production and consumption, generate large quantities of by-products such as seeds, peel, and defatted pulp, which account for approximately 30% of fruit weight, and which are commonly discarded and wasted. The present review focuses on various compounds present in avocado fruit and its by-products, with particular interest to those that can be potentially used in different industrial forms, such as nutraceuticals, to add to or to formulate functional foods, among other uses. Main molecular families of bioactive compounds present in avocado include phenolic compounds (such as hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids and proanthocyanins), acetogenins, phytosterols, carotenoids and alkaloids. Types, contents, and possible functions of these bioactive compounds are described from a chemical, biological, and functional approach. The use of avocado and its by-products requires using processing methods that allow highest yield with the least amount of unusable residues, while also preserving the integrity of bioactive compounds of interest. Avocado cultivar, fruit development, ripening stage, and processing methods are some of the main factors that influence the type and amount of extractable molecules. The phytochemical diversity of avocado fruit and its by-products make them potential sources of nutraceutical compounds, from which functional foods can be obtained, as well as other applications in food, health, pigment, and material sectors, among others.
In this study, conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of soluble polyphenols from
(PC) leaves were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) by assessing the effect of ...extraction time (X
= 2, 4, and 6 min), sonication amplitude (X
= 60, 80, and 100%), and pulse cycle (X
= 0.4, 0.7, and 1 s). Furthermore, the optimized UAE conditions were compared with a conventional aqueous-organic extraction (AOE) method for extracting total phenolics; moreover, a phenolic profile using HPLC and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were also compared. According to the RSM, the best conditions for UAE to extract the highest soluble polyphenol content and yield (158.18 mg/g dry matter DM and 15.81%) include a 100% sonication amplitude for 4 min at 0.6 s of pulse cycle. The optimal UAE conditions exhibited an effectiveness of 1.71 times in comparison to the AOE method for extracting total phenolics, in 96.66% less time; moreover, PC leaf extracts by UAE showed higher antioxidant values than AOE. Additionally, gallic, protocateic, chlorogenic, caffeic, coumaric, trans-cinnamic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, and syringic acids, as well as kaempferol were identified in PC leaves under UAE. PC leaf extracts are widely used for therapeutic and other industrial purposes; thus, the UAE proves to be a useful technology with which to improve the yield extraction of PC leaf phytochemicals.
Background and Aims: Annona muricata beverages are widely used in traditional medicine to treat different ailments; however, they have been little characterized phytochemically and are consumed as ...sugary beverages, and may contribute to non-communicable diseases, including obesity. The objective of this work was to obtain and characterize a sensorially acceptable beverage from an extract of A. muricata leaves and pulp. Methods: A mixture design was used to formulate nine beverages by combining different ratios of the aqueous extract of A. muricata leaves and pulp. These beverages were subjected to physicochemical and sensory evaluation. Based on these results, one beverage was selected to be characterized by spectrophotometry and compared with an infused and commercial beverage. In addition, the selected beverage was further analyzed for its phytochemical composition by ultra-high-performance chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector. Key results: The selected beverage was formulated with 25% pulp, 50% leaf extract, and 25% water; it also displayed a 7.63 °Brix, pH 3.42, and 0.40% acidity. This beverage was up to three times higher in bioactive compounds than infused and commercial beverages. Fourteen phenolic compounds and two acetogenins were quantified, while two alkaloids (coclaurine and reticuline) and fifteen acetogenins were tentatively identified. Conclusions: The combination of A. muricata leaf extract and pulp is a vital alternative to obtain a sensorially acceptable beverage that contains bioactive compounds with a potential medicinal action since the phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and acetogenins present in the beverage could have efficient biological activities in the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases.
The objective was to study the behavior of the respiration rate (RR) of guamara and cocuixtle fruits during storage, the effect or the maturity stage (green maturity and consumption maturity) of ...these fruits on physicochemical parameters and specific proteolytic activity, as well as the antibacterial effect of the prepurified proteases of these fruits. The guamara and cocuixtle fruits presented a RR of 15 mL CO2/kg·h and 10 mL CO2/kg·h, respectively; and because the ethylene production was not detected in any of the species, it was concluded that both fruits are of the non-climacteric type. The cocuixtle fruits presented the highest specific enzymatic activity in the state of green maturity and the guamara fruits in the state of consumption maturity, with 18.99 and 53.88 U/mg of protein, respectively. Likewise, pre-purified proteases from both fruits showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. It is concluded that ripened guamara fruits and green cocuixtle fruits can be an important source of proteases for the food industry and they can be used against pathogens.
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