We report the preparation of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs), a metal-free, heterogeneous, non-toxic, reusable and mesoporous green-(acid)-catalyst obtained by sugar carbonization through a ...micro-wave chemical synthesis method for the synthesis of bio-active benzylpyrazolyl coumarin derivatives (BCDs) under thermal conditions (50 °C) in ethanol solvent. The obtained products were purified by re-crystallization from ethanol, assuring usability of GONPs in multicomponent reactions (MCRs) that could find wide application in the synthesis of a variety of biologically potent molecules of therapeutic significance.
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a CD40-regulated gene in B cells and dendritic cells (DCs). We investigated the role of OPG in the immune system by generating opg(-/-) mice. Like its role as a regulator of ...bone metabolism, OPG also influences processes in the immune system, notably in B cell development. Ex vivo, opg(-/-) pro-B cells have enhanced proliferation to IL-7, and in opg(-/-) spleen, there is an accumulation of type 1 transitional B cells. Furthermore, opg(-/-) bone marrow-derived DCs are more effective in stimulating allogeneic T cells than control DCs. When challenged with a T-dependent Ag, opg(-/-) mice had a compromised ability to sustain an IgG3 Ag-specific response. Thus, in the immune system, OPG regulates B cell maturation and development of efficient Ab responses.
Argon Fluoride (ArF) lithography is essential to develop a sub-100-nm device, however, line edge roughness (LER) and line width roughness (LWR) is playing a critical role due to the immaturity of ...photoresist and the lack of etch resistance. Researchers are trying to improve LER and LWR properties by optimizing photoresist materials and process conditions. In this paper, experiment results are presented to study the impact of LER and LWR to device performance so that the reasonable control range of LER and LWR can be defined. To implement the experiment, a 80-nm node of single negative-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors were fabricated, which had various ranges of gate length, width, LER, and LWR. The amount of LER and LWR could be successfully controlled by applying different resist materials, defocus, and overetch time. Experimental results show that leakage current is significantly increased as LWR increases when the gate length is less than 85 nm. The main degradation is standard deviation of off-current (I/sub off/), and LWR is better representation to characterize a device performance.
Polyamide (nylon) 11 (PA11) and 12 (PA12) were melt-blended, dispersing low concentrations of nanoparticles, namely nanoclays (NCs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and nanosilicas (NSs) via twin-screw ...extrusion. To enhance their thermal and flame-retardant (FR) properties, an intumescent FR additive was added to the mechanically superior NC and CNF PA11 formulations. For neat and nanoparticle-reinforced PA11 and PA12, as well as for PA11 reinforced by both intumescent FR and select nanoparticles (NC or CNF), decomposition and heat deflection temperatures were measured, as were the peak heat release rates while burning the composites. All PA11 polymer systems infused with both nanoparticles and FR additive had higher decomposition temperatures than those infused with solely FR additive. For the PA11/FR/NC polymer blends, only the 20 wt% FR and 7.5 wt% clay formulation passed the UL 94 V-0 requirement, while all PA11/FR/ CNF formulations passed UL 94 V-0 requirement.
Cu wire is replacing Au wire in the microelectronic industry due to its lower cost. However, during Cu ball bonding one of the main challenges is the increased stress that can damage the pad and ...underpad layers. Past work showed that using ultrasound super-imposed together with impact force (pre-ultrasound) results not only in a softer bonded ball, but also in a flatter ball/pad interface. In this study, Cu ball bonding processes are optimized with five levels of pre-ultrasound. The wire material is 99.99% pure Cu wire, 25.4μm in diameter. It is shown that by using pre-ultrasound of 37.5% bonds with adequately high shear strength (120MPa) are achieved and the amount of splash is reduced by 31%. Using pre-ultrasound allows for lower bonding ultrasound levels that result in less stress on the pad and underpad materials.
Abstract
A double-$\Lambda$ hypernucleus, _{\Lambda\Lambda}\mathrm{Be}$, was observed by the J-PARC E07 Collaboration in nuclear emulsions tagged by the ($K^{-}, K^{+}$) reaction. This event was ...interpreted as the production and decay of $ {}_{\Lambda\Lambda}^{\;10}\mathrm{Be}$, _{\Lambda\Lambda}^{\;11}\mathrm{Be}$, or _{\Lambda\Lambda}^{\;12}\mathrm{Be}^{*}$ via $\Xi^{-}$ capture in ^{16}\mathrm{O}$. By assuming capture in the atomic 3D state, the binding energies of two $\Lambda$ hyperons ($B_{\Lambda\Lambda}$) of these double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei are obtained to be $15.05 \pm 0.11\,\mathrm{MeV}$, $19.07 \pm 0.11\,\mathrm{MeV}$, and $13.68 \pm 0.11\,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. Based on the kinematic fitting, _{\Lambda\Lambda}^{\;11}\mathrm{Be}$ is the most likely explanation for the observed event.
Introduction
We investigated the effect of combined use of rituximab (RTX) and plasmapheresis (PP) pre‐transplant on post‐transplant infection.
Methods
A total of 196 patients undergoing living‐donor ...kidney transplantation at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, all of whom underwent basiliximab induction therapy, were included in the study. They were divided into 3 groups: RTX/PP/intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) (the RPI group; n = 53), RTX monotherapy (the RTX group; n = 14), and control (the CONT group; n = 129). We compared the post‐transplant infections in the 3 groups.
Results
The overall prevalence of infection was significantly higher, and the infection‐free survival rate was lower, in the RPI group compared with the RTX or CONT groups (P < 0.05). A trend toward more severe bacterial infections was seen in the RPI group compared with the other groups, and fungal infections developed only in the RPI group. After anti‐rejection therapy, a significantly higher rate of infection developed in the RPI group than in the other groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the RPI group was an independent risk factor for the development of infection.
Conclusion
Our results show that in the setting of basiliximab induction, the use of combined RTX and PP therapy pre‐transplant significantly increases the risk for post‐transplant infection.
Cu bonding wire is more and more used for interconnections to integrated circuits (ICs) to reduce cost and increase performance compared to Au wire. To eliminate underpad damage for Cu wire ...applications, it is worthwhile to reduce the hardness of the free-air ball (FAB). Short heat affected zone (HAZ) and high HAZ breaking load are often required for advanced microelectronics packaging in order to decrease the loop height and thereby the package thickness.
Online measurements of deformability and HAZ breaking force at temperatures close to the bonding temperature of 220
°C are new tools used in this study to evaluate the effects of electronic flame off (EFO) current and firing time on the Cu FAB deformability and the HAZ length and tensile strength. FABs with 50
μm diameter formed from a 25
μm diameter Cu wire with a breaking load of 118.6
mN were used. EFO currents and firing times ranged from 40 to 250
mA and 0.11 to 0.90
ms, respectively. Average FAB deformability factors, HAZ breaking forces, and HAZ lengths were in the rounded ranges of 36.64–44.09% (with a deformation force of 0.60
N), 107.7–116.8
mN, and 167–215
μm, respectively. When produced with 250
mA current during 0.11
ms, the FABs are 7.01–7.89% more deformable than when produced with 45
mA during 0.9
ms, the HAZ breaking force is 7.53–9.37% higher, and the HAZ length is 7–90
μm shorter.
Modifying electrical activation conditions have been used to improve in vitro embryo production and development in pigs. However, there is insufficient information about correlations of porcine ...embryo development with oocyte pre‐ and post‐activation conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the developmental rates of porcine oocytes subjected to different mannitol exposure times, either pre‐ or post‐electrical activation, and to elucidate the reason for the optimal mannitol exposure time. Mannitol exposure times around activation were adjusted as 0, 1, 2 or 3 min. Blastocyst development were checked on day 7. Exposure of oocytes to mannitol for 1 or 2 min before electrical activation produced significantly higher blastocyst rates than exposure for 0 or 3 min. There was no significant difference in blastocyst rates when activated oocytes were exposed to mannitol for 0, 1, 2 or 3 min after electrical activation. While exposure of oocytes to mannitol for 1 min pre‐ and 3 min post‐activation showed significantly higher blastocyst development than 0 min pre‐ and 0 min post‐activation. It also showed higher maintenance of normal oocyte morphology than exposure for 0 min pre‐ and 0 min post‐activation. In conclusion, exposure of oocytes to mannitol for 1 min pre‐ and 3 min post‐activation seems to be optimal for producing higher in vitro blastocyst development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos. The higher blastocyst development is correlated with higher maintenance of normal morphology in oocytes exposed to mannitol for 1 min pre‐ and 3 min post‐activation.
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