ABSTRACT The third generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III) took data from 2008 to 2014 using the original SDSS wide-field imager, the original and an upgraded multi-object fiber-fed ...optical spectrograph, a new near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, and a novel optical interferometer. All of the data from SDSS-III are now made public. In particular, this paper describes Data Release 11 (DR11) including all data acquired through 2013 July, and Data Release 12 (DR12) adding data acquired through 2014 July (including all data included in previous data releases), marking the end of SDSS-III observing. Relative to our previous public release (DR10), DR12 adds one million new spectra of galaxies and quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over an additional 3000 deg2 of sky, more than triples the number of H-band spectra of stars as part of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and includes repeated accurate radial velocity measurements of 5500 stars from the Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS). The APOGEE outputs now include the measured abundances of 15 different elements for each star. In total, SDSS-III added 5200 deg2 of ugriz imaging; 155,520 spectra of 138,099 stars as part of the Sloan Exploration of Galactic Understanding and Evolution 2 (SEGUE-2) survey; 2,497,484 BOSS spectra of 1,372,737 galaxies, 294,512 quasars, and 247,216 stars over 9376 deg2; 618,080 APOGEE spectra of 156,593 stars; and 197,040 MARVELS spectra of 5513 stars. Since its first light in 1998, SDSS has imaged over 1/3 of the Celestial sphere in five bands and obtained over five million astronomical spectra.
The relationship between an initial mechanical event causing brain tissue deformation and delayed neurodegeneration in vivo is complex because of the multiplicity of factors involved. We have used a ...simplified brain surrogate based on rat hippocampal slices grown on deformable silicone membranes to study stretch‐induced traumatic brain injury. Traumatic injury was induced by stretching the culture substrate, and the biological response characterized after 4 days. Morphological abnormalities consistent with traumatic injury in humans were widely observed in injured cultures. Synaptic function was significantly reduced after a severe injury. The N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK‐801 attenuated neuronal damage, prevented loss of microtubule‐associated protein 2 immunoreactivity and attenuated reduction of synaptic function. In contrast, the NMDA receptor antagonists 3‐(R)‐2‐carboxypiperazin‐4‐yl‐propyl‐1‐phosphonic acid (CPP) and GYKI53655, were neuroprotective in a moderate but not a severe injury paradigm. Nifedipine, an L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channel antagonist was protective only after a moderate injury, whereas ω‐conotoxin attenuated damage following severe injury. These results indicate that the mechanism of damage following stretch injury is complex and varies depending on the severity of the insult. In conclusion, the pharmacological, morphological and electrophysiological responses of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to stretch injury were similar to those observed in vivo. Our model provides an alternative to animal testing for understanding the mechanisms of post‐traumatic delayed cell death and could be used as a high‐content screen to discover neuroprotective compounds before advancing to in vivo models.
We study the Milky Way region (|Z|< 3.0 kpc) where the thick disk and inner halo overlap by using the kinematics of local blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars (within 1 kpc) and new samples of BHB ...stars and A-type stars from the Century Survey. We derive Galactic U, V, and W velocities for these BHB and A-type star samples using proper motions from the NOMAD catalog. The mean velocities and the velocity dispersions of the BHB samples (|Z| < 3 kpc) are characteristic of the halo, while those of the Century Survey A-type stars are characteristic of the thick disk. There is no evidence from our samples that the BHB stars rotate with the thick disk in the region |Z| < 3 kpc. Nearly a third of the nearby local RR Lyrae stars have disk kinematics and are more metal rich than Fe/H ~ -1. Only a few percent of the Century Survey BHB (CBHB) stars have these properties. Only one nearby BHB star (HD 130201) is likely to be such a disk star but selection based on high proper motions will have tended to exclude such stars from the local sample. The scale height derived from a sample of local RR Lyrae stars agrees with that of the CBHB stars. The local samples of BHB stars and metal-weak red giants are too incomplete for a similar comparison.
To gather qualitative data from patients on the burden, impacts and costs of surgical site infections (SSI) requiring second surgeries.
15 adults with SSIs from spinal (n = 4), knee replacement (n = ...3) or hip replacement (n = 8) surgery participated in a focus group or individual interview. Patients completed the PROMIS Physical Functioning (PF) Short Form 10A (PROMIS-PF).
Patients reported impacts within four primary domains: PF/activity-related; social/emotional; financial/employment; and energy/sleep. The mean PROMIS-PF score was 39.3 (standard deviation = 12.1), over one standard deviation below 50, the US norm.
SSIs impart a broad and significant impact on patients and their families. These burdens will be important to capture when selecting patient-reported outcome measures for this patient population.
We show that there is a subsystem of the M31 globular clusters with thin- disk kinematics. These clusters span the entire metallicity range of the M31 globular cluster system, in contrast to the ...(thick) disk globular clusters in the Milky Way, which are predominantly metal-rich. Disk globular clusters are found across the entire disk of M31 and form approx40% of the clusters projected on its disk. The existence of such a disk system suggests that there was a relatively large thin disk in place very early in M31's history. Accurate measures of the ages of these clusters will constrain the epoch of disk formation in M31. There is currently no strong evidence for differences in age between Milky Way and M31 globular clusters. While age differences are subtle for old populations, it is unlikely that disk clusters with Fe/H around-2.0 were formed after significant star formation began in the galaxy, as the protocluster gas would be enriched by supernova ejecta. Thus it is likely that M31 had a rather large disk in place at early epochs. The very existence of such a cold disk means that M31 has suffered no mergers with an object of 10% or more of the disk mass since the clusters were formed. This makes the suggestion of Brown et al. that M31 could have suffered an equal-mass merger 6-8 Gyr ago less viable.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been in operation since 2000 April. This paper presents the Tenth Public Data Release (DR10) from its current incarnation, SDSS-III. This data release includes ...the first spectroscopic data from the Apache Point Observatory Galaxy Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), along with spectroscopic data from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) taken through 2012 July. The APOGEE instrument is a near-infrared R ~ 22,500 300 fiber spectrograph covering 1.514-1.696 mu m. The APOGEE survey is studying the chemical abundances and radial velocities of roughly 100,000 red giant star candidates in the bulge, bar, disk, and halo of the Milky Way. DR10 includes 178,397 spectra of 57,454 stars, each typically observed three or more times, from APOGEE. Derived quantities from these spectra (radial velocities, effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities) are also included. DR10 also roughly doubles the number of BOSS spectra over those included in the Ninth Data Release. DR10 includes a total of 1,507,954 BOSS spectra comprising 927,844 galaxy spectra, 182,009 quasar spectra, and 159,327 stellar spectra selected over 6373.2 deg2.
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