With the coming to power of Reza Shah, the plans of the Pahlavi government to establish security, centralism, reform, progress, and new order came into conflict with Illyrian life. One of the Pahlavi ...government’s plans for the tribes was settlement policy, an issue of which the Qashqai tribe was no exception. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the settlement policy of the Qashqai tribe by the First Pahlavi government. In the political-economic relations of the Qashqai tribe with the first Pahlavi government, the question is: what were the purposes of the settlement program in the Qashqai tribe and how was it implemented? And what was the result of their settlement? Based on this issue, this study seeks to answer two questions: how was the housing policy implemented in the Qashqai tribe? And What were the consequences of the settlement policy in the Qashqai tribe?IntroductionConsidering the goals of Reza Shah and his entourage in establishing security, centralism, reforms, and new order, the first Pahlavi state in the history of Iran was the first government that tried to abolish nomadism and settle tribes, and the Qashqai tribe was no exception. The plans of the first Pahlavi government towards the tribes include the policy of disarmament, deprivation of power from the heads of the tribes, the policy of decentralization and culturalization, and the strategy of settlement of the tribes. In the relations of the Qashqai tribe with Reza Shah, there were three stages of cooperation, confrontation, and war. The first Pahlavi government sought to infiltrate and disintegrate the Qashqai tribe, and the Qashqai sought to preserve its existence and identity. In the relations of the Qashqai tribe with the first Pahlavi government, one of the tribal policies of the government was the settlement program, which was implemented in the 1310s AH (1931-1932s). Therefore, since no independent research has been done on the settlement of the Qashqai tribe, the present study seeks to determine the settlement policy of the Qashqai tribe and its failure.Materials and Methods:This research was conducted using the historical research method and compiling and writing descriptive-analytical based on the documents of the Documents Organization and the National Library of the Islamic Republic of Iran) NLAI ( with the origin of Fars province and supplementing the library resources. Discussion of Results and Conclusions:The settlement of the Qashqai tribe, which was carried out in the 1310s (1931-1932s) by the Qashqai military government and the Persian settlement administration, aimed at establishing security, taxation, and civilizing the Qashqai community. The construction of the Qashqai tribe was based on the two pillars of settlement and livestock management. The Persian Housing Authority, with the help of the military, settled Qashqai families in their summer and winter areas based on the settlement system. In this process, all the titles and positions of the tribes became obsolete and only the position of Kadkhoda was recognized. By giving letters of commitment, Kadkhoda was obliged to resettle the families under his care and prevented them from moving, and committed them to construction and to engage in agriculture. Simultaneously, with the settlement of the tribe, in order to feed thousands of cattle and livestock, shepherding licenses were issued to the herdsmen, which was the main place for controlling licenses and taxation in the Strait of Beida.Although the settlement of the Qashqai tribe and other sub-tribes were the right goals for centralism, progress, and modernization of Iran, in practice, the settlement of the Qashqai tribe was a hasty policy without considering the socio-economic conditions of the tribal society. The settlement of the Qashqai tribe resulted in defeats with the expulsion of Reza Shah from Iran. The most important reason for this defeat was the economic blow to the Qashqais, because the settlement caused the loss of a large part of their livestock, while with their settlement, agriculture was not very economical. Also, living in sheds and crypts that did not resemble the building, bribery, and coercion by military and government officials, short-living time and maintaining tribal life, and preserving tribal identity, the good fortune of the family of Solat al-Dawla Qashqai Other were among factors causing this failure.
Abstract With the increase in sugar consumption in Iran since the second half of the 13th century AH/ 19th century AD, the Qajar authorities attempted to establish industrial factories to meet the ...needs of the people on the one hand and the process of gradual industrialization of various sectors as well as the dependence of such products on European governments on the other hand. To this end, two sugar factories in the cities of Sari and Barforoush were established to supply people with consumable sugar. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach and the library method aims to answer the question: ‘What has been the performance of sugar factories in the two cities of Sari and Barforoush, as well as the course of trade changes during the Qajar rulers?’ It tests the hypothesis: ‘The performance of Mazandaran factories in the production of refined sugar has been relatively successful’. Research findings showed that although in many cases the Qajar government was forced to import sugar to meet the needs of the people, but at times, especially during Amir Kabir’s presidency, with the production of sugar in Mazandaran’s new industrial factories not only did the import of this product experience a sharp decline for the first time, these factories were also able to meet some of the consumption needs of the people and may even have been able to export their products. 2. Introduction The expansion of trade and development of comprehensive relations with the West during the Qajar period, especially after the Iran-Russia War (1218-1228 AH/ 1803-1813 AD), brought about fundamental changes in the social and economic structure of the country. It was after this time that the traditional way of governing the society was advanced by some rulers, merchants, bureaucrats, and European corporations and governments toward industrialization and modernization. Since the mid-13th century AH/ 19th AD, several new factories in the economic and military fields were established at the same time as the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah and the presidency of Amir Kabir. These factories were set up to reduce the country’s dependence on imports and the production of products in accordance with the needs of the people and the government because, with the increase of the country’s population and the modernization of the society, people’s needs for food and clothing underwent major changes. Sugar and glucosewere among the products that increased among Iranian families. For the first time, Amir Kabir set up a sugar refinery in the two cities of Sari and Barfaroush. The importance of this product doubled in the years leading up to the Constitutional Revolution, so much so that the rise in the price of sugar led to civil protests in Iran. Following the victory of the Constitutional Revolution (1285 AH/ 1906 AD), one of the goals of the constitutionalists became the country’s liberation from importing edible products such as sugar and glucose,and then the development of the sugar industry in order to promote the food industry and help to strengthen domestic production. The purpose of this article is to investigate and evaluate the quality and performance of sugar refineries in the Qajar era in Mazandaran region. 3. Materials & Methods This study attempts to address the issue with a descriptive-analytical approach and using documentary data, newspapers and primary sources. 4. Discussion of Results & Conclusions During the Qajar period, Iranian society faced the European Industrial Revolution and the increasing progress of their societies. That is why the goal of the rulers, bureaucrats, and merchants of this period was to achieve the powerful industries of their time. One of the most important industries in this period was the sugar industry. The importance of sugar in the social and political life of the people of this period is important. Welcoming guests and political figures using sweets and candies, using sugar products to donate kings, statesmen, villagers, and the general public for diplomatic personalities, and using these products for medical purposes are among the important roles of sugar in the Iranian society during the Qajar era. Given the importance of this product in people’s lives and the increasing consumption of sugar among them, the Qajar government officials and merchants were forced to import sugar from Europe at the beginning of the path. At the beginning of its activity, Sari and Barforoush sugar factories, with the support of government officials such as Amir Kabir, succeeded in producing high-quality white sugar and were able to make progress in the sugar industry. The relatively favorable performance and efficiency of these two factories provided part of the sugar needed in the northern regions of Iran. In addition to Mazandaran, the cities of Astarabad, Guilan and in some parts of Tehran also benefited from refined sugar of these factories. Also, according to some documents, government officials and businessmen may have succeeded in exporting sugar in an important move. According to some sources, the sugar from Iran was exported to Russia and Afghanistan at times during the Qajar period. In spite of Iran’s access to refined sugar, the government continued to import sugar from Europe in order to supply the sugar needed by other cities. On the one hand, this was due to the lack of government’s financial support for the establishment of new sugar factories in other Iranian cities, and on the other, the import of sugar from Europe. Certainly, it was not possible to fully meet the needs of the Iranian people by producing sugar only in two factories in Mazandaran. In addition, the financial support of the Qajar government officials from Mazandaran factories was not done on a regular basis, and this was enough to ensure that the desired efficiency of these factories was not confirmed in all periods. What has been linked to the performance of these two factories in the production of refined and white sugar that was produced for the first time in the Qajar period and reduced imports at the same time.
In the present article, the historical impact of militarization on Iran's economic growth from 1973 to 1979 is examined based on the memories of Pahlavi government agents and staffs. The main ...question is how the Second Pahlavi military spending affect Iran's economic growth in a negative way. According to the research hypothesis and during the second construction Programme, the military expenditures, which in addition to insufficient oil revenues from foreign grants has decreased, caused a small waste of the country's financial resources. Military spending has devastated financial resources during the three subsequent development Programme with the improved oil revenues and these spending has negatively affected Iran's economic growth. The results of this research which is written in an analytical and descriptive method and has used the first-hand sources – Pahlavi staffer memories – show that militarism influenced on two components of economy, investment in human and financial asset caused deviation on economic growth which reached significantly in the decades od 40 and 50 and had a negative effect on the economic growth.
Iranians have frequently faced with famine and crisis of food throughout the history. Over the years, several factors have influenced the crisis of food which, in a general attitude, can be divided ...into natural and human factors (internal and external). From the beginning of Qajar period, such a crisis with quasi-colonial conditions and a special political economy imposed on Iran by Russia and especially Britain led to severe shortage of grocery, inflation and famine. The continuation of such conditions at the end of Nasir-ed-Din Shah reign led to the crisis of grocery and general famine and caused the deaths of thousands of people. The British political economy imposed on Iran through some treaties prior to World War I intensified economic deterioration and crisis of public grocery (cereal) in the late World War which has been referred with cereal and bread titles in more documents. During this period, Britain had the most military presence in Iran and played a direct and indirect role in the crisis. Using analytical-descriptive method with emphasis on documents, this essay indicates that contracts such as Mirjavar, oil, 1907 and 1915 provided the setting of establishment of general food crisis by Britain. Through various forces such as the Consul of Britain, the Royal Bank, Poodratchiha and interacting with the ruling landlords and merchants, Britain implemented an obligatory introduction of politics to prepare food for its armies. So, Britain played a significant role in managing the crisis of food to their benefit.
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