Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are novel engineered nanomaterials and have been used widely. Their toxic effects on terrestrial plants in soil matrix require careful investigation. In this study, white ...clover (Trifolium repens L.) was grown in a potted soil with graphene oxide (GO) at levels of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% and the effects of GO on the growth and nutrient uptake of white clover were evaluated after 50 and 100 days of exposure. GO exposure showed adverse effects on seedling growth, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient uptake in shoots, and the effect was more significant with increasing concentration and exposure time. Compared with the control, GO at the highest level of 0.6% decreased plant height, leaf and stem dry weights, total chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate by 43.7%, 45.7%, 43.4%, 32% and 85.7%, respectively, after 100 d of exposure, and N, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mo, B, Si contents decreased by 19.5%, 20.1%, 12.6%, 25.0%, 12.9%, 26.0%, 18.9%, 23.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities were all increased by GO, especially at high dose and long exposure. These results indicate that GO can suppress plant growth by oxidative stress, photosynthesis inhibition, and nutrient imbalance.
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•Data on the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) to white clover in soil matrix were provided.•GO adversely affected plant growth and photosynthesis.•GO induced oxidative stress in white clover.•A decrease in nutrient levels was observed in white clover after GO exposure.
Carbon nanomaterials have been widely used in industry and inevitably enter the environment. However, there is little information about their influence on the abundance and diversity of soil nematode ...community. We evaluated the impact of three kinds of carbon nanomaterials (graphene, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes) on the abundance and diversity of soil nematodes after growing tall fescue for 130 d using a laboratory pot experiment. A total of 29 genera of nematodes were identified in all the treatments. Carbon nanomaterials significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes and plant parasites. The presence of graphene and graphene oxide increased the numbers of bacterivores, and graphene benefited fungivores. The total nematode abundance was 1.9–2.9 times greater in the carbon nanomaterial treatments than in the control with no carbon nanomaterial addition. However, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes decreased the values of nematode community parameters, e.g., diversity, species richness, and structure index. Compared with the control, the addition of graphene resulted in a community with a higher plant-parasitic index (i.e., the maturity index of the plant-parasitic nematodes). Overall, our findings highlight that the addition of carbon nanomaterials has a negative influence on the composition and diversity of the nematode community, simplifying the community structure.
To decipher the Cd hyperaccumulation and tolerance mechanisms of plants and increase phytoremediation efficiency, in this study, the physiological effects induced by environmentally relevant ...concentrations (0, 25 and 200 mg/kg) of Cd were characterized in Amaranthus hypochondriacus (K472) at three growth stages using LC/MS-based metabolomics. Metabolomic analysis identified 31, 29 and 30 significantly differential metabolites (SDMs) in K472 exposed to Cd at the early, intermediate and late stages of vegetative growth, respectively. These SDMs are involved in nine metabolic pathways responsible for antioxidation, osmotic balance regulation, energy supplementation and the promotion of metabolites that participate in phytochelatin (PC) synthesis. K472 at the intermediate stage of vegetative growth had the strongest tolerance to Cd with the combined action of Ala, Asp and Glu metabolism, purine metabolism, Gly, Ser and Thr metabolism and Pro and Arg metabolism. Among these crucial metabolic biomarkers, purine metabolism could be the primary regulatory target for increasing the Cd absorption of K472 for the restoration of Cd-contaminated soil.
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•K472 takes away the most Cd from soil at the mediate stage of vegetative growth.•Great metabolic differences among plants exposed to Cd at different growth stages.•Young seedlings concentrated the highest Cd due to the weakest filtration to invasive Cd2+.•Nine metabolic pathways are responsible for Cd accumulation in A. hypochondriacus.•Purine metabolism is a neglected pathway crucial to Cd enrichment in K472.
Biofilms can be naturally formed through the attachment of microorganisms on the supporting materials. However, natural biofilms formed in the environment may cause some detrimental effects, such as ...the equipment contamination and food safety issues et al. On the contrary, biofilms mediated microbial fermentation provides a promising approach for the efficient biochemicals production owing to the properties of self-immobilization, high resistance to toxic reactants and maintenance of long-term cells activity. While few reviews have specifically addressed the biological application of biofilms in the microbial fermentation process. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively summarize the biofilms formation mechanism and potential functions in the microbial fermentation process. Furthermore, the construction strategies for the formation of stable biofilms through synthetic biology technology or the modification of suitable supporting materials will be also discussed. The application of biofilms mediated fermentation will provide an outlook for the biorefinery platform in the future.
Recently, thermophilic
Thermoanaerobacterium
species have attracted increasing attentions in consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which can directly utilize lignocellulosic materials for biofuels ...production. Compared to the mesophilic process, thermophilic process shows greater prospects in CBP due to its relatively highly efficiency of lignocellulose degradation. In addition, thermophilic conditions can avoid microbial contamination, reduce the cooling costs, and further facilitate the downstream product recovery. However, only few reviews specifically focused on the microbial applications of thermophilic
Thermoanaerobacterium
species in lignocellulosic biorefinery. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively summarize the recent advances of
Thermoanaerobacterium
species in lignocellulosic biorefinery, including their secreted xylanases and bioenergy production. Furthermore, the co-culture can significantly reduce the metabolic burden and achieve the more complex work, which will be discussed as the further perspectives.
Key points
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Thermoanaerobacterium species, promising chassis for lignocellulosic biorefinery.
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Potential capability of hemicellulose degradation for Thermoanaerobacterium species.
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Efficient bioenergy production by Thermoanaerobacterium species through metabolic engineering.
Location advantages of ports refer to the current developments of ports based on their conditions, such as geographic location, traffic accessibility and hinterland economy, etc., and the spatial ...pattern of ports’ location advantages reflects the spatial distributions, the regularities and the correlations among their conditions for development. A good understanding of the spatial patterns of ports’ location advantages can help to better identify the relative advantages of ports, position ports’ functions and make strategic plans for development. This paper selected 1259 ports from 63 countries along the Maritime Silk Road as research objects and builds an accessing model to analyze their location advantages on the bases of six factors: the influence of strategic shipping pivot, the competitiveness of port location potential, port network status, the influence of city, the influence of traffic trunk, and road network density in hinterland. The study has the following three findings. Firstly, the location advantages of ports show a “high-low-high” distribution pattern from the west to the east, displaying an obvious “core-periphery” regionalized distribution. Secondly, most ports have high location advantages, mainly located in Strait of Malacca, the United Arab Emirates, northern Mediterranean coastal region and China-Japan region, the top 10 ports are mainly located in Singapore, China, Malaysia and Japan, indicating that the shipping industry in Asia-Pacific region has stepped to the far front of the global competition; slow economic growths, wars, far away from the Belt and Road countries or bad climate have low location advantages, mainly located in African coastal areas, Oceania, Northeast Europe and Russia. Thirdly, compared with the landward location advantages, the seaward location advantages have a higher influence, and different indicators of location advantages have different influences on the evaluation results, the competitiveness of port location potential being the core indicator.
Abstract Broadband near‐infrared (NIR) emissions in the long wavelength region with simultaneous high efficiency and thermal stability are desirable for NIR phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes ...(NIR pc‐LEDs) light sources. Herein, a novel broadband NIR‐emitting phosphor is reported, Ba 5 La 3 MgAl 3 O 15 :Cr 3+ (BLMAO:Cr 3+ ), which exhibits a NIR emission band spanning 700–1300 nm with maximum peak wavelength ( λ max ) at 925 nm and full width at half maximum of 160 nm. The optimized phosphor achieves an internal quantum efficiency of 66%, and the integrated emission intensity at 423 K remains 61% of that at room temperature, which surpasses most Cr 3+ ‐activated phosphors emitting in the long‐wavelength NIR region ( λ max > 900 nm). The NIR luminescence properties are elucidated on the basis of density functional calculations of the multiple Cr 3+ local structures as generated by the Ba/La occupation disorder in the host material. The applications of the NIR phosphor in pc‐LED devices are demonstrated, showing potential in night‐vision and nondestructive examination. The results indicate that BLMAO:Cr 3+ is a promising phosphor with highly efficient and thermally stable broadband NIR emission for NIR LED light sources.
Broadband near‐infrared (NIR) emissions in the long wavelength region with simultaneous high efficiency and thermal stability are desirable for NIR phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (NIR ...pc‐LEDs) light sources. Herein, a novel broadband NIR‐emitting phosphor is reported, Ba5La3MgAl3O15:Cr3+ (BLMAO:Cr3+), which exhibits a NIR emission band spanning 700–1300 nm with maximum peak wavelength (λmax) at 925 nm and full width at half maximum of 160 nm. The optimized phosphor achieves an internal quantum efficiency of 66%, and the integrated emission intensity at 423 K remains 61% of that at room temperature, which surpasses most Cr3+‐activated phosphors emitting in the long‐wavelength NIR region (λmax > 900 nm). The NIR luminescence properties are elucidated on the basis of density functional calculations of the multiple Cr3+ local structures as generated by the Ba/La occupation disorder in the host material. The applications of the NIR phosphor in pc‐LED devices are demonstrated, showing potential in night‐vision and nondestructive examination. The results indicate that BLMAO:Cr3+ is a promising phosphor with highly efficient and thermally stable broadband NIR emission for NIR LED light sources.
A novel broadband NIR‐emitting phosphor Ba5La3MgAl3O15:Cr3+ with a disordered structure is developed, showing high quantum efficiency and good thermal stability, which enables it to be used in NIR LED light sources for NIR spectroscopy technologies.
Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance in code-related tasks. Several instruction tuning approaches have been proposed to boost the code generation ...performance of pre-trained Code LLMs. In this paper, we introduce a diverse instruction model (DolphCoder) with self-evaluating for code generation. It learns diverse instruction targets and combines a code evaluation objective to enhance its code generation ability. Our model achieves superior performance on the HumanEval and MBPP benchmarks, demonstrating new insights for future code instruction tuning work. Our key findings are: (1) Augmenting more diverse responses with distinct reasoning paths increases the code capability of LLMs. (2) Improving one's ability to evaluate the correctness of code solutions also enhances their ability to create it.
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