The increasing role of the DNA-encoded library technology in early phase drug discovery represents a significant demand for DNA-compatible synthetic methods for therapeutically relevant heterocycles. ...Herein, we report the first on-DNA synthesis of multisubstituted indoles via a cascade reaction of Sonogashira coupling and intramolecular ring closure. Further functionalization by Suzuki coupling at the third position exploits a diverse chemical space. The high fidelity of the method also enabled the construction of an indole-based mock library.
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are biologically active molecules found in several natural products and pharmaceutical ingredients. Moreover, due to their high and versatile reactivity, they are widely used ...as intermediates in organic synthesis. This review considers the best practices for the synthesis of ITCs using elemental sulfur, highlighting recent developments. First, we summarize the in situ generation of thiocarbonyl surrogates followed by their transformation in the presence of primary amines leading to ITCs. Second, carbenes and amines afford isocyanides, and the further reaction of this species with sulfur readily generates ITCs under thermal, catalytic or basic conditions. Additionally, we also reveal that in the catalyst-free reaction of isocyanides and sulfur, two—until this time overlooked and not investigated—different mechanistic pathways exist.
The membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is a novel method for the biological treatment of wastewaters and has been successfully applied for nitrification. To improve the design and adaptation of ...MABR processes for colder climates and varying temperatures, the temperature dependence of a counter-diffusional biofilm's nitrification performance was investigated. A lab-scale MABR system with silicone hollow fibre membranes was operated at various temperatures between 8 and 30°C, and batch tests were performed to determine the ammonia oxidation kinetics. Biofilm samples were taken at 8 and 24°C and analysed with 16S rRNA sequencing to monitor changes in the microbial community composition, and a mathematical model was used to study the temperature dependence of mass transfer. A high nitrification rate (3.08 g N m
d
) was achieved at 8°C, and temperature dependence was found to be low (θ = 1.024-1.026) compared to suspended growth processes. Changes in the community composition were moderate,
remaining the most dominant species. Mass transfer limitations were shown to be largely responsible for the observed trends, consistent with other biofilm processes. The results show that the MABR is a promising technology for low temperature nitrification, and appropriate management of the mass transfer resistance can optimise the process for both low and high temperature operation.
The paper presents the field of history of education in Hungary, analysing the central periods in the development of historical educational research in Hungary since the 19th century. In the first ...period since the end of the 19th century the history of education has been adopted in Hungary too as a subject of instruction in teachers’ education. This subject of history of education, with its bibliography and literarature has built an acadmeic model which is operative still today. However, since the 1970s and 1980s the educational sciences have a research method, whic is more oriented towards social science. The historiography of educational research and writing in Hungary has been responsive to this international trends from the early 1990s. The second part of the paper is focused on an outline of the present state of the art and trends in the Hungarian development, with the main agents, important works, institutional contexts and methodological debates.How to reference this articleNémeth, A. (2016). Die historische Pädagogik in Ungarn. Geschichte und heutiger Stand. Espacio, Tiempo y Educación, 3(1), 85-110. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.2016.003.001.6
Der Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Hauptperioden der ungarischen historischen Pädagogik in ihrer Geschichte seit dem 19. Jahrhundert. In der ersten Periode wurde sie dann seit der Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zu einem Lehrfach der Lehrerbildung. Das Fach und sein Literatur haben einen Kanon gebildet, der bis heute wirksam ist. Seit den 1970er und 1980er Jahren hat sich auch in der Erziehungswissenscheften eine neue sozialwissenschaftlich orientierte Historische Forschung herausbildet, derer internationale Trends begann die ungarische historische Pädagogik seit Anfang der 1990er Jahren zu rezipieren. In dem zweiten Teil wird der heutige Stand dieser Entwicklungsperiode mit den Hauptakteuren, institutionellen Kontexten, grundlegenden Werken, theoretisch-methodischen Debatten dargestellt. How to reference this articleNémeth, A. (2016). Die historische Pädagogik in Ungarn. Geschichte und heutiger Stand. Espacio, Tiempo y Educación, 3(1), 85-110. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.2016.003.001.6
Der Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Hauptperioden der ungarischen historischen Pädagogik in ihrer Geschichte seit dem 19. Jahrhundert. In der ersten Periode wurde sie dann seit der Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zu einem Lehrfach der Lehrerbildung. Das Fach und sein Literatur haben einen Kanon gebildet, der bis heute wirksam ist. Seit den 1970er und 1980er Jahren hat sich auch in der Erziehungswissenscheften eine neue sozialwissenschaftlich orientierte Historische Forschung herausbildet, derer internationale Trends begann die ungarische historische Pädagogik seit Anfang der 1990er Jahren zu rezipieren. In dem zweiten Teil wird der heutige Stand dieser Entwicklungsperiode mit den Hauptakteuren, institutionellen Kontexten, grundlegenden Werken, theoretisch-methodischen Debatten dargestellt. How to reference this articleNémeth, A. (2016). Die historische Pädagogik in Ungarn. Geschichte und heutiger Stand. Espacio, Tiempo y Educación, 3(1), 85-110. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.2016.003.001.6
We have developed the continuous-flow synthesis of thioureas in a multicomponent reaction starting from isocyanides, amidines, or amines and sulfur. The aqueous polysulfide solution enabled the ...application of sulfur under homogeneous and mild conditions. The crystallized products were isolated by simple filtration after the removal of the co-solvent, and the sulfur retained in the mother liquid. Presenting a wide range of thioureas synthesized by this procedure confirms the utility of the convenient continuous-flow application of sulfur.
•Micro-milling tool wear evolution and supervision for machining of ceramics.•Off-line microscope-, and workpiece geometry based supervision of the tool wear.•On-line micro-milling tool wear ...monitoring by high-frequency vibration measurement.•Tool wear-out results in shift in the dominant frequencies into higher ranges.•Vibration standard deviation and signal power can detect the worn-out of the tool.
Based on their favourable mechanical features, applications of ceramics are continuously spreading in industrial applications. Hardness and the resistance against heat shock make them usable, so, currently they are widely used, e.g. as coating material for gas turbines. The main aim of the paper is to follow the wearing process of the micro-milling tool during machining of ceramics and to compare it in an offline mode against the geometrical changes of the machined ceramic workpiece. Further goal is to monitor the tool wearing process offline, by a microscopic tool measurement on one hand, and using high-frequency online vibration measurement online, during the cutting process on the other. Relations between the wearing stages and the measured online and offline parameters were determined using an own-developed, artificial neural network based feature selection solution.
In our current study, we focus on school building program of Géza Bárczy who was the mayor of the Hungarian capital in the first two decades of the twentieth century. From the mid of the nineteenth ...century, Budapest had experienced a rapid development thanks to social and economic changes. The city council felt impelled to reflect on growing needs of the population of the city, therefore it launched a complex social program including renovating and building new school headquarters. Our main findings suggest that newly emerged school buildings stood in the frontier of different endeavours. Their structure and inner elements were influenced by pedagogues and intellectuals who were staunch supporters of reform pedagogy aiming at salvaging children from the harmful effects caused by traditional schooling. Furthermore, school buildings also represented the pride of the nation and the hope that talent members of future generations can preserve the fundamentals of the nation. It seems that the school building program of this area entailed these endeavours and even tried to reflect on them.
Elemental sulfur enables the convenient formation of CS bonds and the direct incoporation of SS bonds. The reactivity of easily accessible electron deficient alkenes towards sulfur, however, is ...barely disclosed. Herein, we investigated the reactivity of acrylamides with sulfur and eventually developed a new pseudo-multicomponent reaction for the preparation of polysulfides. Sequential one-pot reduction led to diversely substituted thiols. Additional third stage one-pot modifications provided thioethers, unsymmetric disulfide and thioester.
Investigation of the reactivity of sulfur towards electron deficient alkenes revealed a new method to generate polysulfides from acrylamides, which can be further transformed to thiols and its derivatives.
A new multicomponent reaction has been developed between isocyanides, sulfur and alcohols or thiols under mild reaction conditions to afford
-thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates in moderate to good ...yields. The one-pot reaction cascade involves the formation of an isothiocyanate intermediate, thus a catalyst-free synthesis of isothiocyanates, as valuable building blocks from isocyanides and sulfur is proposed, as well. The synthetic procedure suits the demand of a modern organic chemist, as it tolerates a wide range of functional groups, it is atom economic and easily scalable.
The safety of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical crush loading is an important issue, as excessive loads can trigger internal short circuits and even thermal runaway. Discrete layered finite ...element models can represent the internal stress and deformation of the cell, and, in principle, the occurrence of hazardous events. With respect to the state-of-the-art, this paper addresses various obstacles in material parameter measurements, meshing and convergence, and validation to enable future improvement of such models. The analysis revealed the potential upsides from using layer discrete models when conducting qualitative and quantitative validation. As an example of a possible use case of the discrete layered model, a sensitivity analysis of the mechanical material parameters of the components was performed to investigate their influence on the overall model.
•Discussion of pre-compression, test bench elasticity and air exposure on measurement results.•Model generation with in-detail elaboration of simplifications and simulation settings.•Validation with force–displacement curves, deformation geometry and CT scans.•Mesh and mechanical material parameter sensitivity analysis.
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