Public healthcare came late to Russia, and it developed along two paths: a state system and a community medicine system. The state system developed first with a small number of hospitals in Russia's ...capitals (Moscow and St. Petersburg) and some army hospitals, leaving healthcare in rural areas mostly to the individual. When, from the 1860s, zemstvos as institutions of local self-government were introduced, a public healthcare system ("community medicine") started to be developed. It coincided with the bacteriological revolution and functioned during the great epidemics of, for example, cholera, typhus, and plague. Infectious diseases affected Russia and were often linked to famines, a social affliction with which the government tried to cope. In the late nineteenth century, epidemics led to the foundation of research institutes and laboratories. Shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, the establishment of a ministry for public health was discussed but was postponed. However, it was the Great War that gave impetus to the modernizing process, although initially there was no centralization. Both the state system and the zemstvo systems expanded-for the army as well as for the civilian population. The state and zemstvo systems continued to rival one other, but an outstanding coordinating role was played by a member of the royal family. Leaving the First World War after the October Revolution, Russia immediately plunged into the Civil War, which resulted in the complete dissolution of non-governmental healthcare bodies, which had been so significant during the war. In Bolshevik-controlled Russia, all healthcare institutions were subordinated to a centralized ministry of health, thus abolishing the Unions and the Pirogov Society. This article describes the conflict between the pre-First World War state and zemstvo healthcare systems, the efforts for improvement during the war, and the centralization after the war.
Since the centenary of the beginning of the First World War, many historical studies on Eastern Europe during the war and its aftermath have been published, by eastern European authors as well as in ...the west. This article provides an overview of recent Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, German and English contributions and sets out trends and various approaches. It generally covers publications between 2014 and early 2022 and takes a closer look at material in German and Slavic languages. It includes descriptive historiography as well as documentary material. Collections of articles are touched upon, but single articles from collections or journals are mentioned only occasionally. Given the abundance of contributions and the restricted space to present them here, this review only examines the war years until the October Revolution in Russia, up to the end of 1917.
Общеизвестная мысль, что развитие науки предопределяется не в последнюю очередь энтузиазмом людей, для которых поиск истины составляет смысл жизни, открывается новыми гранями, когда соотносится с ...драматургией жизни этих ученых. Их число всегда невелико, и в любой стране, при любом режиме они даже с риском для жизни или в более либеральном варианте – с риском быть непонятыми идут по своему неповторимому пути, ставя выше всех благ радость познания и обретения нового. К таким профессиональным и масштабным исследователям принадлежал Готфрид Шрамм, ушедший недавно в иной вечный мир. В его научной деятельности переплелись исторические и филологические интересы, а совершенствование знания языков стало ключом к истории народа. В статье анализируются смелость и парадоксальность суждений, которые складывались на протяжении исследовательской биографии профессора истории. Особое внимание отводится системе представлений о феномене революции и идеологии коммунизма, в которой, по мысли Шрамма, отрицание предшествующих эпох не сменилось открытием новых конструктивных смыслов. Талант исследователя совмещался и дополнялся талантом учителя: авторитет и своеобразие преподавания Готфрида Шрамма привлекали к нему способных учеников. Приведенные наиболее существенные работы немецкого исследователя дополняют информационную картину изучения славянского мира в Германии.
Generalissimo Suvorov - An Abortive Attempt to Create a Hero in Late Tsarist Russia By the time the Russian Field-Marshal Alexander Suvorov died in 1800, he was widely acknowledged to be a military ...hero. This was for the most part due to his reputation of never having lost a battle. Suvorov had been elevated to the rank of a count of “Rymnik”, named after the location of one of his victories in what is today Rumania, and in 1799 to the rank of “kniaz’ Italiiskii” (a prince of Italy), while at the same time he had been promoted to the highest military rank of generalissimo. Immediately after his death a figurative monument on Petersburg’s Field of Mars was erected to honour him. Together with his comrades-in-arms of the “golden” age of Catherine II, Rumiantsev and Potemkin, Suvorov fell into partial oblivion due to the Patriotic War (1812-1815), Russian officers of the general staff commemorated him when the centenary of his Italian and Swiss campaigns approached. The centenary triggered manifold activities and intellectual events which continued well into the First World War. During these two decades of heroic remembrance, the Empire, its military leadership, and a number of intellectual bourgeois civilians established a heroized image of Suvorov that stood apart from that of other Russian military leaders. As a result of the Great War, heroization was in the end less than fully successful; this article focuses however on efforts to heroize Suvorov during this fertile period.
Suvorov Nachtigal, Reinhard
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas,
10/2015, Letnik:
63, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Potemkin ruckte nach Katharinas Umsturz gar unter Uberspringung einiger Range auf und wurde 1784 mit 45 Jahren Feldmarschall und Kriegsminister, wahrend Suvorov trotz einiger Siege in den ...Turkenkriegen noch Generalleutnant war und seinen Weltruhm erst im letzten Jahrzehnt seines Lebens, hauptsachlich sogar in seinem letzten Lebensjahr begrundete. Allerdings bescheinigt der Verfasser, dass in Potemkins letztem Lebensjahr, als dieser einem jungeren Gunstling der Zarin seinen Einfluss abtreten musste, eine gewisse Verstimmung gegenuber Suvorov auftrat, weil Potemkin ihm die hohe Anerkennung der Zarin fur dessen letzte Siege nicht gonnte. Moskva 2010), in der er - u. a. unter Nennung Suvorovs - die Notwendigkeit heroischer Kunst und Literatur fur die gegenwartige russische Gesellschaft betont. 2013 erschien von ihm in derselben Reihe wie Lopatins Suvorov- Biographie eine Lebensbeschreibung Gavrila Derzavins, der Hofdichter Katharinas und Gouverneur war und die Siege Potemkins und Suvorovs in Oden besang.
PDF