Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a spectrum of liver disease including cholestasis, biliary cirrhosis, steatohepatitis, and gallbladder disease in patients with intestinal ...failure (IF). The prevalence of IFALD varies considerably, with ranges of 40-60% in the pediatric population, up to 85% in neonates, and between 15-40% in the adult population. IFALD has a complex and multifactorial etiology; the risk factors can be parenteral nutrition-related or patient-related. Because of this, the approach to managing IFALD is multidisciplinary and tailored to each patient based on the etiology. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the etiology and pathophysiology of IFALD and examines the latest evidence regarding preventative measures, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for IFALD and its associated complications.
Abstract
Introduction: Caustic injuries remain a major public health concern. Nutritional status plays a pivotal role in determining the outcome. Unfortunately, nutritional care guidelines are not ...widely implemented in clinical practice, and decisions are often based on prior experience and local policies. Case Presentation: We present the case of an 83-year-old man who accidentally ingested alkali, resulting in severe caustic injury and subsequent complications that further deteriorated his nutritional status. The management of esophageal strictures necessitated constant adjustments to the nutritional strategies employed. The clinical evaluation revealed protein and energy malnutrition, accompanied by type 2 intestinal failure. However, with individually tailored parenteral nutritional therapy, a significant improvement in the patient's nutritional status was observed. Conclusion: Recognizing that caustic injuries increase metabolic demands, a comprehensive and active nutritional assessment is crucial, focusing on the need for adequate energy, high protein intake, and an appropriate feeding route. In cases of acute or prolonged type 2 intestinal failure with insufficient oral or enteral nutrition, parenteral feeding should be the primary therapy. Effective management of caustic injuries requires a multidisciplinary and multicenter approach, integrating nutritional evaluation, including body composition measurements, into the clinical algorithm. Early initiation of nutritional therapy is vital to prevent chronic intestinal failure.
Prognostic role of nutritional status (NS) in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is unknown. We hypothesized that patients' NS at the presentation of mCRPC is ...prognostic for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and overall survival (OS).
We conducted a prospective observational study in mCRPC patients. At enrollment, we allocated each patient into one of four NS categories: (i) well-nourished (WN), (ii) nutritional risk without sarcopenia/cachexia (NR), (iii) sarcopenia, or (iv) cachexia. We sought the prognostic role of the NS for OS and HRQoL by regression models.
141 patients were included into our study. When compared to WN patients, those with NR and cachexia had a higher chance of worse HRQoL (OR 3.45; 95% CI 1.28 to 9.09, and OR 4.17; 95% CI 1.28 to 12.5, respectively), as well as shorter OS (HR 2.04; 95% CI 1.19 to 3.39 and HR 2.9; 95% CI 1.56 to 5.41, respectively). However, when accounting for possible confounding factors, we could not prove the significant importance of NS for chosen outcomes.
Suboptimal NS might be an unfavorable prognostic factor for HRQoL and OS. Further interventional studies focusing on therapy or prevention are warranted.
The significance of nutritional care in the management of cancer, particularly in the surgical treatment of abdominal cancer, is increasingly acknowledged. Body composition analysis, such as the ...Bioelectric impedance assay (BIA), and functional tests,
handgrip strength, are used when assessing nutritional status alongside general and nutritional history, clinical examination, and laboratory tests. The primary approach in nutritional care is individually adjusted nutritional counselling and the use of medical nutrition, especially oral nutritional supplements. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of perioperative nutritional care on body composition and functional status in patients with carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary system, and pancreas.
47 patients were included, 27 received preoperative and postoperative nutritional counselling and oral nutritional supplements (Group 1), while 20, due to surgical or organisational reasons, received nutritional care only postoperatively (Group 2). The effect of nutritional therapy was measured with bioimpedance body composition and handgrip measurements.
Group 2 had a higher average Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) 2002 score upon enrolment (3 vs. 2 points); however, there was no difference when malnutrition was assessed using Global Leadership in Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. There was a relative increase in lean body mass and fat-free mass index (FFMI) 7 days after surgery in group 1 (+4,2% vs. -2,1% in group 2). There was no difference in handgrip strength.
Our results indicate that combined preoperative and postoperative nutritional care is superior to only postoperative nutritional care. It seems to prevent statistically significant lean mass loss 7 days after surgery but not after 14 days or 4 weeks.
In patients with chronic intestinal failure (CIF) and long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN), liver steatosis is a known late complication, which can progress to intestinal failure-associated ...liver disease (IFALD). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a qualitative and quantitative assessment of liver steatosis. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of liver steatosis and find possible new factors that could be connected to liver steatosis in CIF patients on HPN therapy.
Patients diagnosed with CIF and undergoing long-term HPN therapy were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Clinical, laboratory and body composition data were collected from their medical records between January 2017 and November 2018. Liver steatosis was diagnosed using 3 Tesla Siemens MRI scanner. The associations between various risk factors and liver steatosis were calculated using uni- and multivariate logistic regression.
In our study, we included 63 adult patients with CIF on HPN therapy. The median HPN therapy duration was 70 weeks (IQR 22-203). The prevalence of liver steatosis was 28.6%. Serum cholesterol level, CRP and FFMI were statistically significantly associated with liver steatosis.
The results of our study indicate that CIF patients on HPN therapy experience a low risk of liver disease if they adhere to a well-controlled treatment regime. We found that MRI is an appropriate diagnostic tool for monitoring liver steatosis in patients on long-term PN. With respect to already known risk factors for liver steatosis, we did find a newly described association between FFMI and liver steatosis.
Malnutrition has become a prevalent condition, with European and international studies reporting rates of approximately 25-40% in hospitals. We set out to perform a multi-center cross-sectional study ...to assess malnutrition rates in Slovenian hospitals and to convert the findings into a mobile application suitable for use by nurses and staff at the bedside. In addition, we examined the association of the results of this mobile application with parameters for body composition measured by bioimpedance method, muscle strength, anthropometrics, and specific blood markers.
We selected the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) method, the second version of the modified short-form of Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF), and the diagnostic criteria for cachexia proposed by Evans (CDE) as evidence-based methods for estimating the risk of and prevalence of malnutrition or/and cachexia. The methods were converted into the Android mobile application named MalNut that was used in three Slovenian hospitals by nurses and dietitians.
We applied NRS-2002 and MNA-SF to screen for malnutrition risk and to assess malnutrition in 207 individuals aged 18 years and older, regardless of gender or reason for hospitalization during 1-week periods. Totally, 98% of these patients consider nutrition an important part of medical treatment care. NRS-2002 estimated the malnutrition risk to be 66.3%, which includes both patients to be at risk for malnutrition and patients that are truly malnourished. The malnutrition risk in the elderly (65+) estimated by MNA-SF was 39.6% and malnutrition 42.5%. When applying the CDE score in these two categories, 66.7% were identified as cachectic and 21.4% as pre-cachectic. In the patients assessed with the CDE score, malnutrition risk increased with higher extracellular water and decreased body mass index, hemoglobin, phase angle, and muscle strength. In all, 75% of patients assessed as high risk for malnutrition by NRS-2002, were identified as cachectic and 15.7% as pre-cachectic. In NRS-2002 assessed patients, this risk increased with higher C-reactive protein and lower phase angle.
The study showed that both malnutrition and cachexia are largely overlapping notions and are common in hospitalized adults in Slovenia. The MNA-SF and NRS-2002 tools showed that malnutrition risk was not significantly correlated with age, gender, serum albumin, but was correlated with lower phase angle, CRP, and muscle strength in elderly patients. The results have been used to develop further nutritional interventions in Slovenia.
Sarkopenija je izguba mišične mase in funkcije, ki zmanjša kakovost življenja, povzroči fizično oslabelost in je povezana z večjo umrljivostjo. Za postavitev zgodnje diagnoze in za uspešno ...zdravljenje sarkopenije so potrebne varne, dostopne in natančne diagnostične metode. Ultrazvočna slikovna preiskovalna metoda se vse pogosteje uporablja za oceno mišične mase in kakovosti mišic. S pomočjo različnih ultrazvočnih parametrov lahko sklepamo o količini mišične mase kot tudi o kakovosti mišičnega tkiva. Z uporabo standardiziranih protokolov opravljanja meritev lahko dosežemo večjo natančnost in ponovljivost preiskave. Pomanjkanje jasno določenih mejnih vrednosti in nepopolna standardizacija protokolov in ponekod slaba korelacija parametrov z dejansko fizično zmogljivostjo bolnikov za zdaj še zavirajo širšo uporabo ultrazvočne preiskave v kliničnem okolju. Kljub temu z naraščujočim številom raziskav na tem področju ultrazvočna preiskava pridobiva veljavo pri vsakdanji klinični obravnavi sarkopeničnih bolnikov.
Izobraževalna pot študentov medicine je dolgotrajna in zahtevna. Usklajevanje študijskih obveznosti, obštudijskih dejavnosti in skrbi za zdravje je lahko za mlade velik izziv, za katerega so ...posamezniki različno dobro opremljeni. Naš narativni pregledni članek povzema doslej znane raziskave o vplivu študija medicine na dejavnike življenjskega sloga in determinante zdravja ter s tem na telesno in duševno zdravje posameznika. Raziskave glede vpliva teh dejavnikov smo pridobili prek iskalnih nizov s ključnimi besedami. Ugotovili smo, da nekakovostna, nezadostna in neredna prehrana v kombinaciji s pomanjkanjem telesne dejavnosti in sedečim slogom življenja vpliva na neželene spremembe telesne sestave ter poveča tveganje za razvoj presnovnih motenj ter akutnih in kroničnih zdravstvenih težav. Zdravstvene težave dodatno poglablja tudi pomanjkanje spanja in kronični stres zaradi zahtev študija, kar lahko vodi tudi v razvoj duševnih motenj. Vse to ne prispeva le k zmanjšanju študijskega uspeha študentov, temveč tudi do zdravstvenih težav številnih mladih, ki se že na začetku svoje zahtevne kariere soočajo z njimi. V Sloveniji zaenkrat nimamo sistematičnih raziskav, ki bi omogočale oceno vpliva dejavnikov življenjskega sloga in kroničnega stresa na zdravje slovenskih študentov medicine.
The syndrome of relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) is the result of a prolonged period of low energy availability in athletes and leads to the deterioration of health and physical ...performance. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RED-S-related health and performance problems in young Slovenian athletes, comparing middle (14-17 years) with late (18-21 years) adolescents.
We analysd data of 118 young athletes (61 females, 57 males) who had nutritional assessments. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the prevalence of RED-S-related problems. RED-S was diagnosed using the Relative Energy Deficiency Tool and the Sports Clinical Assessment Tool. Nutrition-related risk factors for RED-S were assessed with the use of a questionnaire and analysis of a three-day food diary.
The majority of athletes had at least one RED-S-related health disorder. The number of health-related disorders was significantly higher in females 3.0 (0.2) compared to males 1.6 (0.2). It was also significantly higher in middle 2.6 (0.2) compared to 1.9 (0.3) late adolescents. Potential nutritional risk factors for RED-S were low carbohydrate intake, skipping meals before and after practice, a desire to lose weight, and a history of weight loss in the past year.
The prevalence of health-related RED-S disorders and performance problems in young athletes is concerning, and our study indicates that middle adolescents are more vulnerable to this than late adolescents. Our findings suggest that screening for RED-S symptoms and nutrition-related risk factors for RED-S should be included in regular medical examination of young athletes.
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