Globally, there are more bilingual speakers than monolingual speakers; however, scant research evidence exists regarding social communication development and outcomes for bilingual children with ...autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A stronger evidence base will facilitate health professionals and educators providing accurate recommendations regarding language use. This study employed a longitudinal cohort design to compare social and communication skills, at baseline and over 12 months, for 60 monolingual and 60 bilingual children with ASD receiving community based early intervention. We found few differences at intake, and no difference in the magnitude of change over 12 months for this cohort. Findings support the notion that there is no basis on which to discourage home language use with bilingual children with ASD.
Purpose: This review article critically interrogates the history and the current practice of standardized assessment in speech and language therapy. Speech and language assessments utilizing ...standardized linguistic norms are a critical tool for constructing disability and controlling disabled individuals. Such practices are rooted in a medical model of disability where the linguistic practice(s) of the individual is pathologized to create normalcy and disorder. Method: We examine how these practices are anchored in eugenics and the racist logics of intelligence testing in which racialized populations were rendered as linguistically and biologically inferior. Results: This review article shows how ideologies governing standardized assessments are influenced by racism, ableism, and the nation-state and serve as foundational mechanisms to enable surveillance and capital production. It demonstrates how standard language ideologies are central to standardized testing. Speech and language therapy practices upholding these ideologies contribute to unrestrained wealth generation for the testing industry. Conclusions: The review article ends with a call for clinicians, educators, and researchers to critically examine the relationship between standardized assessment, race, disability, and capitalism in speech-language therapy. This process will contribute toward dismantling the hegemonic role of standardized assessment in oppression and marginalization of speech and language-disabled individuals.
Experimental procedures for chemical synthesis are commonly reported in prose in patents or in the scientific literature. The extraction of the details necessary to reproduce and validate a synthesis ...in a chemical laboratory is often a tedious task requiring extensive human intervention. We present a method to convert unstructured experimental procedures written in English to structured synthetic steps (action sequences) reflecting all the operations needed to successfully conduct the corresponding chemical reactions. To achieve this, we design a set of synthesis actions with predefined properties and a deep-learning sequence to sequence model based on the transformer architecture to convert experimental procedures to action sequences. The model is pretrained on vast amounts of data generated automatically with a custom rule-based natural language processing approach and refined on manually annotated samples. Predictions on our test set result in a perfect (100%) match of the action sequence for 60.8% of sentences, a 90% match for 71.3% of sentences, and a 75% match for 82.4% of sentences.
Purpose: Previous research has shown that the language-learning mechanism is affected by bilingualism resulting in a novel word learning advantage for bilingual speakers. However, less is known about ...the factors that might influence this advantage. This article reports an investigation of 2 factors: phonotactic probability and phonological neighborhood density. Method: Acquisition of 15 novel words varying in phonotactic probability and phonological neighborhood density was examined in high-proficiency, early onset, Mandarin-English bilinguals and English monolinguals. Results: Both bilinguals and monolinguals demonstrated a significant effect of phonotactic probability and phonological neighborhood density. Novel word learning improved when the phonological neighborhood density was higher; in contrast, higher phonotactic probability resulted in worse learning. Although the bilingual speakers showed significantly better novel word learning than monolingual speakers, this did not interact with phonotactic probability and phonological neighborhood density manipulations. Conclusion: Both bilingual and monolingual word learning abilities are constrained by the same learning mechanisms. However, bilingual advantages may be underpinned by more effective allocation of cognitive resources due to their dual language experience.
We present an extension of our Molecular Transformer model combined with a hyper-graph exploration strategy for automatic retrosynthesis route planning without human intervention. The single-step ...retrosynthetic model sets a new state of the art for predicting reactants as well as reagents, solvents and catalysts for each retrosynthetic step. We introduce four metrics (coverage, class diversity, round-trip accuracy and Jensen-Shannon divergence) to evaluate the single-step retrosynthetic models, using the forward prediction and a reaction classification model always based on the transformer architecture. The hypergraph is constructed on the fly, and the nodes are filtered and further expanded based on a Bayesian-like probability. We critically assessed the end-to-end framework with several retrosynthesis examples from literature and academic exams. Overall, the frameworks have an excellent performance with few weaknesses related to the training data. The use of the introduced metrics opens up the possibility to optimize entire retrosynthetic frameworks by focusing on the performance of the single-step model only.
We present an extension of our Molecular Transformer model combined with a hyper-graph exploration strategy for automatic retrosynthesis route planning without human intervention.
In this commentary, we offer a critique of "A Viewpoint on Accent Services: Framing and Terminology Matter" (Grover et al., 2022). We argue that the authors' proposal to rename and reframe accent ...modification lacks criticality, which actually hinders-rather than advances-the movement toward equitable, culturally sustaining, and emancipatory practices.
We offer an analysis of the shortfall between the authors' calls for linguistic justice in "A Viewpoint on Accent Services" and the actual changes they proposed. We break down major gaps in criticality, reflexivity, practice, and vision and discuss their potential for undercutting meaningful progress as it relates to linguistic justice.
We found that the frameworks for the pursuit of equity, cultural sustenance, and emancipatory practices were misrepresented in the article in such a way that suggests that these goals could be achieved through superficial changes in terminology and attitudes. "A Viewpoint on Accent Services" upholds a power-neutral frame of operation that does not address the deeper systemic forces that make accent modification problematic. The lack of criticality toward accent intervention fosters complacency toward real transformation.
We advocate for a serious and critical interrogation of accent practices and commitment to an emancipatory practice that addresses linguistic discrimination above all else. We emphasize the need to decenter standardized languages and to co-envision linguistic liberation using critical methods in scholarship, pedagogy, clinical practice, and policy.
Organic reactions are usually assigned to classes containing reactions with similar reagents and mechanisms. Reaction classes facilitate the communication of complex concepts and efficient navigation ...through chemical reaction space. However, the classification process is a tedious task. It requires identification of the corresponding reaction class template via annotation of the number of molecules in the reactions, the reaction centre and the distinction between reactants and reagents. Here, we show that transformer-based models can infer reaction classes from non-annotated, simple text-based representations of chemical reactions. Our best model reaches a classification accuracy of 98.2%. We also show that the learned representations can be used as reaction fingerprints that capture fine-grained differences between reaction classes better than traditional reaction fingerprints. The insights into chemical reaction space enabled by our learned fingerprints are illustrated by an interactive reaction atlas providing visual clustering and similarity searching.Organic chemical reactions can be divided into classes that allow chemists to use the knowledge they have about optimal conditions for specific reactions in the context of other reactions of similar type. Schwaller et al. present here an efficient method based on transformer neural networks that learns a chemical space in which reactions of a similar class are grouped together.
The depressurization approach of methane production from a natural gas hydrate reservoir has been identified as the most energy-efficient production approach. However, some of the field-scale studies ...involving constant pressure depressurization (CPD) did not yield significant success. To address this, the constant rate gas release (CRD) depressurization approach was used to overcome the drawbacks of the CPD approach. The experimental investigations of these methods with and without thermal stimulation (TS) have not yet been investigated in detail for marine clayey hydrate reservoirs formed in seawater to understand their comparative effectiveness for methane gas recovery. Although common production approaches have been studied by many researchers on hydrate-bearing sand sediments, energy recovery from hydrate-rich clayey sediments has not yet been investigated in detail, which form the major dominant hydrate reservoirs of the hydrate resource pyramid across the globe. This work investigates in detail the potency of five different natural gas production techniques such as CRD, CPD, TS, and their combination to produce natural gas out of the marine clayey hydrate system. To simulate marine conditions, mud samples with 3 wt % of bentonite clay in seawater have been used for methane hydrate formation at an initial pressure of 8 ± 0.2 MPa and a temperature of 278.15 ± 1 K. The thermodynamic phase equilibrium study of methane hydrate in the marine clayey system has also been conducted to understand the phase stability of hydrates. Subsequently, a study on five different methane recovery approaches to recover natural gas from marine clayey hydrate systems has been carried out to understand their efficacy. For CRD depressurization, two rates, viz., 10 and 20 mL/min, have been used, whereas for CPD, two set pressures of 3.5 and 2.3 MPa have been used. TS was carried out by increasing the hydrate reservoir temperature from 278.15 to 298.15 K. Field implications of these five production schemes have also been discussed in detail for their real field applications.
The release of large volumes of anthropogenic CO2 coupled with growing exploitation of fossil fuels has led to very serious issues such as global warming and energy crisis in the world. One of the ...most promising solutions for addressing these challenges is photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into useful chemical feedstocks. The adsorption/activation and reduction of CO2 on the surface of heterogeneous catalysts, in addition to visible light harvesting and efficient charge separation, remains a scientifically challenging problem, which is severely limiting the total photoconversion and selectivity of CO2 reduction on photocatalysts. Reticular materials such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous materials, which have lately been investigated as photocatalysts due to their excellent tuneable structural and photochemical properties. Single-atom catalysts offer great potential to enable chemical transformation of CO2 when anchored to an appropriate support material. Naturally abundant porphyrin has been effective for a variety of processes including light-harvesting, oxygen transport and catalytic processes. The rigidity, robustness, and multifunctionality of reticular materials enable them to be used in a spectrum of applications. Modular optimization, rational design and integration of single-atoms and porphyrin onto metal- and covalent-organic frameworks pave a new pathway toward the photoreduction of CO2. In the context of recent advancements in the field of reticular materials, porphyrin and single atom based MOFs and COFs towards photocatalytic CO2 reduction are summarised in this review. This review also includes discussion on the current breakthroughs in fundamental knowledge, reaction mechanisms, and pathways of CO2 photoreduction, as well as gives an overview of the approaches towards improving the CO2 reduction efficiency and selectivity of these reticular photocatalytic materials. Also, the challenges and perspectives of CO2 photoreduction over these heterogeneous catalysts have also been presented in this report.
In this article, we study the dynamics of multiple pendulum systems under translation and tilt. The main application considered for such systems is inertial sensing for high-precision ...instrumentation. To emulate the translating multiple pendulum system, we attach the pivot point of the pendulum to a cart that is free to move in the horizontal plane. Similarly, the pivot point of the tilting pendulum system is attached to a platform that rotates, enabling tilting motion for the system. First, we approach the problem from a Lagrangian dynamics perspective for a double-pendulum system under translation and tilt and then extend the solutions to a system of
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pendulums, each hanging one below the other. Then, the natural frequencies of the systems are derived. The behavior of the systems under translation and tilt is studied and compared with that of fixed pivot point multiple pendulum systems, using eigenvalue analysis to understand how the natural frequency fluctuates with changes in degrees of freedom, mass, length and stiffness.
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